tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50902980691033014012024-03-23T17:15:23.798+07:00Think PostWrite a Thinking With Thinkilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.comBlogger75125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-69497020724684135242021-05-21T11:18:00.006+07:002021-05-21T14:10:35.384+07:00279 Juta Data KTP Hingga Nomor HP Warga Negara RI Bocor?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJoM1qic10zRhSvvWLj-FDnXHa5B4P9tjwkMfWM8vAm1WJyrtARXg8GV07gebU0WTa-ZEeBXQywV8wqHhxMoHCAFV4dHxtkgt8AtWRH8Bx8QGkUJIOroD1U9MzVP2DjWuz3c-xIeW-o2Y/s2048/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.12.29.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1752" data-original-width="2048" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJoM1qic10zRhSvvWLj-FDnXHa5B4P9tjwkMfWM8vAm1WJyrtARXg8GV07gebU0WTa-ZEeBXQywV8wqHhxMoHCAFV4dHxtkgt8AtWRH8Bx8QGkUJIOroD1U9MzVP2DjWuz3c-xIeW-o2Y/w400-h342/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.12.29.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sumber Gambar : https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20210520160626-37-247096/heboh-data-ktp-hingga-nomor-hp-279-juta-warga-ri-bocor</div><br /> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Berita bocornya data 276 juta Warga negara RI, heboh menghiasi Headline portal berita nasional, dikabarkan telah bocor data KTP hingga nomor HP sebanyak 276 juta warga negara RI, hebohnya data tersebut pada salah satu website komunitas online raidforums.com seharga 0,15 Bitcoin. Peretas juga menyediakan sample data yang di unggah ke beberapa website layanan penyedia space online.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUBA-xbxnxTADGZjXnhqthVWWyxYPe4dLGFyonsdr94HsgNMI14mMBHtx6ImAep-ymxSay8Dwl8p0HeO_KbaxFCkHqw6YMcV7vQ3urMU0N2VNQRk6ZTS4QMg_6vlnA1jTcQ0hcTTcb4c/s1803/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+09.20.35.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1508" data-original-width="1803" height="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUBA-xbxnxTADGZjXnhqthVWWyxYPe4dLGFyonsdr94HsgNMI14mMBHtx6ImAep-ymxSay8Dwl8p0HeO_KbaxFCkHqw6YMcV7vQ3urMU0N2VNQRk6ZTS4QMg_6vlnA1jTcQ0hcTTcb4c/w400-h335/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+09.20.35.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Sumber : <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://twitter.com/ndagels/status/1395205718911819778?s=20</span></div>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">setelah mendownload sampel data tersebut, saya coba melihat-melihat isinya, datanya cukup lengkap mulai dari, nama, tanggal lahir, nomor hp, nomor KTP, Tempat Tangggal lahir, NPWP, email, tgl input/update data, hingga user yang menginputkan dan mengupdate data. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKj1aGnsh5qNr9ygRLe4nIbLWL_3RqfJhXKezGbTJby6vaRoGgwJiqkbo_-hrA37tCSZO4vmjnM0PO8XNHYXsigs8neAqbTQBPyAZE1l21C9P3KpJMojHskALA2LsfYsAsDFuwWWI3ek/s1264/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+11.43.31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="1264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKj1aGnsh5qNr9ygRLe4nIbLWL_3RqfJhXKezGbTJby6vaRoGgwJiqkbo_-hrA37tCSZO4vmjnM0PO8XNHYXsigs8neAqbTQBPyAZE1l21C9P3KpJMojHskALA2LsfYsAsDFuwWWI3ek/s320/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+11.43.31.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Sumber : https://anonfiles.com/B5P2G8v5u5/indonesia_zip</div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah 279 juta sendiri memang meragukan mengingat jumlah penduduk Indonesia belum mencapai jumlah tersebut, namun Peretas mengatakan data tersebut termasuk jumlah data penduduk yang telah meninggal.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHw0sbuuWG4eEcyqAbA2Qm2AeW9mAtGjJ7YZwQVCO3gUY5mlAdrA9R_Em5HA01_u_XQzNI6rQFn7ucTDOyw4fEWqzQUXBcIllKmu-ofmxR57RHn3o2_JNNaSnfISKrZ_IHwCHJxoWNSR4/s2047/E1zcrDcVUAAm4H7.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2047" data-original-width="989" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHw0sbuuWG4eEcyqAbA2Qm2AeW9mAtGjJ7YZwQVCO3gUY5mlAdrA9R_Em5HA01_u_XQzNI6rQFn7ucTDOyw4fEWqzQUXBcIllKmu-ofmxR57RHn3o2_JNNaSnfISKrZ_IHwCHJxoWNSR4/w194-h400/E1zcrDcVUAAm4H7.jpeg" width="194" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sumber : https://twitter.com/nuicemedia/status/1395232625233514496/photo/3</div><p style="text-align: justify;">Lebih jauh, memang sepertinya data tersebut bocor dari salah satu instansi nasional. Seorang penggiat Internet mencoba menghubungi peretas dan memastikan sumber dari kebocoran data melalui ID telegram yang peretas tersebut tinggalkan pada forum. Peretas menyatakan bahwa sumberdatanya benar dari salah satu instansi nasional di indonesia.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja8xbOKKTrCYvXlLYnZXbBchqrzsNRtuFXASAYX1ghyphenhyphenJv3LP3A7eYheZQ7XfPtne1HtuJNeZOPZM0S8gDtrujTzfRXtDvLGBBmg8-Mix-g4g2ixpyvlkSJ7i4PHtvoPWKGuONTErj0IGo/s1692/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.41.21.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1692" data-original-width="940" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja8xbOKKTrCYvXlLYnZXbBchqrzsNRtuFXASAYX1ghyphenhyphenJv3LP3A7eYheZQ7XfPtne1HtuJNeZOPZM0S8gDtrujTzfRXtDvLGBBmg8-Mix-g4g2ixpyvlkSJ7i4PHtvoPWKGuONTErj0IGo/w223-h400/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.41.21.png" width="223" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Sumber : <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://twitter.com/Br__AM/status/1395254340621783045?s=20</span></div><p style="text-align: justify;">memang bila di teliti di data sampel, pada kolom email terlihat banyak sekali email yang berasal dari instasi tersebut, dan pada kolom user memang sering muncul nama palikasi juga dari instansi tersebut.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzwk2TsZjfX7v4F2W25ubku2AIbL0fSmriBiMN_xYowwoOJQd-_wJe8lMRfrulPf2FOYAzXfE8-F0e65LTelvyievzWvAj0JrmpE39Yf5cLl0uzmTQnl2V-M8hyQ_iEK6CR_D0GORilEU/s1316/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.05.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1298" data-original-width="1316" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzwk2TsZjfX7v4F2W25ubku2AIbL0fSmriBiMN_xYowwoOJQd-_wJe8lMRfrulPf2FOYAzXfE8-F0e65LTelvyievzWvAj0JrmpE39Yf5cLl0uzmTQnl2V-M8hyQ_iEK6CR_D0GORilEU/w400-h395/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.05.38.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KIFD_oGr5rJN9EaGaFHFK6BWCx6XMEZH9dORkeOsm1jVqGnjw3BmiYbyhif4iWk-8rL1vDgJpJ9VNtoRdwFzWGAxAWSqVDnFiDdi_yO0gLLUSLCEXzqycaJIYTIab9qHpCFWnykCAiQ/s312/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.08.59.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="158" data-original-width="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KIFD_oGr5rJN9EaGaFHFK6BWCx6XMEZH9dORkeOsm1jVqGnjw3BmiYbyhif4iWk-8rL1vDgJpJ9VNtoRdwFzWGAxAWSqVDnFiDdi_yO0gLLUSLCEXzqycaJIYTIab9qHpCFWnykCAiQ/s0/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.08.59.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Direktur Jenderal Kependukan dan Pencatatan Sipil (Dukcapil) Kementerian Dalam Negeri Zudan Arif Fakhrulloh mengatakan server e-KTP saat ini dalam kondisi aman, dan memastikan data kependudukan dari dukcapil tidak bocor.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExNnHxdwFxdnbIZzDi0GI-oV1TPVjOiIq9Coj1L07RruPxQejl4xp43vEBvtULntOqH6ThLAGpag6RuFqb7z1ewXgf5LKqNSPVFdPcoeLC4f9tLjk4In5IY-MLU6MmpcD8ntXBkgKDg8/s2048/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.52.43.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1638" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExNnHxdwFxdnbIZzDi0GI-oV1TPVjOiIq9Coj1L07RruPxQejl4xp43vEBvtULntOqH6ThLAGpag6RuFqb7z1ewXgf5LKqNSPVFdPcoeLC4f9tLjk4In5IY-MLU6MmpcD8ntXBkgKDg8/w400-h320/Screen+Shot+2021-05-21+at+10.52.43.png" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Sumber : https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/05/22/11292341/data-jutaan-warga-diduga-bocor-kemendagri-jangan-khawatir-data-e-ktp-aman?page=all</div><br /><p>Kementrian kominfopun segera menanggapi dan beritndak tentang hal ini.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Kementerian Kominfo sedang melakukan pendalaman atas dugaan kebocoran data tersebut, Kami sudah mengarahkan tim khusus untuk sesegera mungkin melacak dan menemukan sumbernya," kata Juru Bicara Kementerian Kominfo, Dedy Permadi kepada CNBC Indonesia, Kamis (20/5/2021).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Namun dia menambahkan BPJS Kesehatan secara terus menerus memastikan keamanan data peserta. Pihaknya memiliki sistem pengamanan data yang ketat dan berlapis untuk memastikan kerahasiaan data tersebut.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">"Namun perlu kami tegaskan bahwa BPJS Kesehatan konsisten memastikan keamanan data peserta BPJS Kesehatan dilindungi sebaik-baiknya. Dengan big data kompleks yang tersimpan di server kami, kami memiliki sistem pengamanan data yang ketat dan berlapis sebagai upaya menjamin kerahasiaan data tersebut, termasuk di dalamnya data peserta JKN-KIS," jelasnya.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
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</p><p align="center">Sumber : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lm4wCA-Gs4A</p>
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<br /> ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-40435676061309653502021-03-03T10:53:00.003+07:002021-05-21T14:12:57.612+07:00How to Add New Disks Using LVM to an Existing Centos 7<p> <a href="https://www.tecmint.com/create-lvm-storage-in-linux/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">LVM (Logical Volume Management)</a><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">is a flexible and advanced option available to manage hard disks in most of the major Linux distributions. It is easy to manage the disks with LVM than the tradition tools like</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">fdisk</a><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">,</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">parted</a><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">or</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">gparted</span><span style="color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">.</span></p><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Some of the terms which you need to understand while using LVM:</p><ul style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Physical Volume (PV)</span>: Consists of Raw disks or RAID arrays or other storage devices.</li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Volume Group (VG)</span>: Combines the physical volumes into storage groups.</li><li style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Logical Volume (LV)</span>: VG’s are divided into LV’s and are mounted as partitions.</li></ul><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In this article, we will take you through the steps to configure Disks using LVM in existing Linux machine by creating PV, VG’s and LV’s.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note</span>: If you don’t what to use LVM, you can add disk directly to an existing Linux system using these guides.</p><ol style="border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 3em; padding: 0px;"><li style="border: 0px; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/add-new-disk-to-an-existing-linux/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">How to Add a New Disk to Linux System</a></li><li style="border: 0px; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/add-disk-larger-than-2tb-to-an-existing-linux/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">How to Add a New Disk Larger Than 2TB to Linux System</a></li></ol><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Let’s consider a scenario where there are <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2 HDD</span> of <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">20GB</span> and <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">10GB</span>, but we need to add only 2 partitions one of <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">12GB</span> and another <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">13GB</span>. We can achieve this using LVM method only.</p>
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<br />
<p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Once the disks has been added, you can list them using the following command.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk -l
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25376" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25376" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 519px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Hard-Disks-in-Linux.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Verify Hard Disks" class="size-full wp-image-25376" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="165" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Hard-Disks-in-Linux.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="529" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25376" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Verify Hard Disks</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.</span> Now partitions both the disks <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">/dev/xvdc</code> and <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">/dev/xvdd</code> using fdisk command as shown.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk /dev/xvdc
# fdisk /dev/xvdd
</pre><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Use <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">n</code> to create the partition and save the changes with <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">w</code> command.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25384" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25384" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 730px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Partition-Hark-Disks.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Partition Hark Disks" class="size-full wp-image-25384" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="822" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Partition-Hark-Disks.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="740" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25384" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Partition Hark Disks</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2.</span> After partitioning, use the following command to verify the partitions.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk -l
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25385" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25385" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 614px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-New-Partitions.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Verify New Partitions" class="size-full wp-image-25385" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="499" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-New-Partitions.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="624" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25385" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Verify New Partitions</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.</span> Create Physical Volume (PV).</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># pvcreate /dev/xvdc1
# pvcreate /dev/xvdd1
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25386" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25386" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 403px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Physical-Volume.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Create Physical Volume" class="size-full wp-image-25386" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="82" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Physical-Volume.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="413" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25386" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Create Physical Volume</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4.</span> Create Volume Group (VG).</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># vgcreate testvg /dev/xvdc1 /dev/xvdd1
</pre><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Here, “<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">testvg</span>” is the VG name.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25387" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25387" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 429px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Volume-Group.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Create Volume Group" class="size-full wp-image-25387" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="39" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Volume-Group.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="439" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25387" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Create Volume Group</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.</span> Now use “<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">vgdisplay</span>” to list all details about the VG’s in the system.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># vgdisplay
OR
# vgdisplay testvg
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25388" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25388" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 533px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Volume-Group.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="List Volume Group" class="size-full wp-image-25388" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="334" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Volume-Group.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="543" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25388" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">List Volume Group</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">6.</span> Create Logical Volumes (LV).</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># lvcreate -n lv_data1 --size 12G testvg
# lvcreate -n lv_data2 --size 14G testvg
</pre><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Here, “<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lv_data1</span>” and “<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lv_data2</span>” are LV name.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25389" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25389" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 453px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Logical-Volumes.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Create Logical Volumes" class="size-full wp-image-25389" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="69" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Logical-Volumes.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="463" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25389" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Create Logical Volumes</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">7.</span> Now use “<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lvdisplay</span>” to list all details about the Logical volumes available in the system.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># lvdisplay
OR
# lvdisplay testvg
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25390" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25390" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 619px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Logical-Volumes.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="List Logical Volumes" class="size-full wp-image-25390" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="547" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Logical-Volumes.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="629" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25390" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">List Logical Volumes</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">8.</span> Format the Logical Volums (LV’s) to ext4 format.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/lv_data1
# mkfs.ext4/dev/testvg/lv_data2
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25392" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25392" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 706px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Format-LV-to-Ext4-Format.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Format LV to Ext4 Format" class="size-full wp-image-25392" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="680" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Format-LV-to-Ext4-Format.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="716" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25392" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Format LV to Ext4 Format</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9.</span> Finally, mount the file system.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># mount /dev/testvg/lv_data1 /data1
# mount /dev/testvg/lv_data2 /data2
</pre><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Make sure to create <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">data1</code> and <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">data2</code> directories before mounting the filesystem.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25391" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25391" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 395px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Mount-Filesystem.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Mount Filesystem" class="size-full wp-image-25391" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="36" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Mount-Filesystem.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="405" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25391" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Mount Filesystem</figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Source : https://www.tecmint.com/add-new-disks-using-lvm-to-linux/</p><div><br /></div></div><footer class="entry-meta" style="color: #595959; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 14.45px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1.5em;"><span class="tags-links" style="border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></span></footer>
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<br /> ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-52517897545589325332021-03-02T10:51:00.001+07:002021-03-02T10:51:00.980+07:00Partitioning a New Disk Larger Than 2TB to An Existing Centos 7<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Have you ever tried to do the partitioning of hard disk larger than</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2TB</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">using</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/" style="border: 0px; color: #bb0e30; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">fdisk utility</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">and wondered why you end up getting a warning to use GPT? Yes, you got that right. We cannot partition a hard disk larger than 2TB using fdisk tool.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In such cases, we can use <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">parted</span> command. The major difference lies in the partitioning formats that <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fdisk</span> uses <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">DOS</span> partitioning table format and <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">parted</span> uses <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">GPT</span> format.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TIP</span>: You can use <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">gdisk</span> as well instead of <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">parted</span> tool.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In this article, we will show you to add a new disk larger than <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2TB</span> to an existing Linux server such as RHEL/CentOS or Debian/Ubuntu.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">I am using <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">fdisk</span> and <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">parted</span> utilities to do this configuration.</p><center style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; padding-bottom: 45px; padding-top: 35px;"></center><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">First list the current partition details using fdisk command as shown.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk -l
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25336" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25336" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 648px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Linux-Partition-Table.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="List Linux Partition Table" class="size-full wp-image-25336" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="532" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-Linux-Partition-Table.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="658" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25336" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">List Linux Partition Table</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">For the purpose of this article, I am attaching a hard disk of 20GB capacity, which can be followed for disk larger than <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2TB</span> as well. Once you added a disk, verify the partition table using same fdisk command as shown.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk -l
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25338" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25338" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 608px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-New-Partition-Table.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="List New Partition Table" class="size-full wp-image-25338" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="579" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/List-New-Partition-Table.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="618" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25338" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">List New Partition Table</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tip</span>: If you are adding a physical hard disk, you may find that partitions already created. In such cases, you can use fdsik to delete the same before using parted.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk /dev/xvdd
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Use <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">d</code> switch for the command to delete the partition and <code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">w</code> to write the changes and quit.</p><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25340" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25340" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 592px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Delete-Linux-Partition.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Delete Linux Partition" class="size-full wp-image-25340" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="282" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Delete-Linux-Partition.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="602" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25340" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Delete Linux Partition</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Important</span>: You need to be careful while deleting the partition. This will erase the data on the disk.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Now its time to partition a new hard disk using parted command.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># parted /dev/xvdd
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Set the partition table format to GPT</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;">(parted) mklabel gpt
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Create the Primary partition and assign the disk capacity, here I am using 20GB (in your case it would be 2TB).</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;">(parted) mkpart primary 0GB 20GB
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25343" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25343" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 501px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Partition-using-Parted.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Create Partition using Parted" class="size-full wp-image-25343" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="165" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Create-Partition-using-Parted.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="511" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25343" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Create Partition using Parted</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Just for curiosity, let’s see how this new partition is listed in fdisk.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># fdisk /dev/xvdd
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25347" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25347" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 920px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Partition-Details.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Verify Partition Details" class="size-full wp-image-25347" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="261" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Partition-Details.png" srcset="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Partition-Details.png 930w, https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Verify-Partition-Details-768x216.png 768w" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="930" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25347" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Verify Partition Details</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Now format and then mount the partition and add the same in <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/fstab</span> which controls the file systems to be mounted when the system boots.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># mkfs.ext4 /dev/xvdd1
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-25344" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_25344" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 662px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Format-Linux-Partition.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Format Linux Partition" class="size-full wp-image-25344" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="367" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Format-Linux-Partition.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="672" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-25344" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Format Linux Partition</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Once partition has been formatted, now it’s time mount the partition under <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/data1</span>.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># mount /dev/xvdd1 /data1
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">For permanent mounting add the entry in <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/fstab</span> file.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;">/dev/xvdd1 /data1 ext4 defaults 0 0
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Important</span>: Kernel should support GPT in order to partition using GPT format. By default RHEL/CentOS have Kernel with GPT support, but for Debian/Ubuntu you need to recompile the kernel after changing the config.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Source articel : https://www.tecmint.com/add-disk-larger-than-2tb-to-an-existing-linux/</p>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-14605109271194470652021-03-01T10:49:00.001+07:002021-05-21T14:14:56.063+07:00Mengganti port SSH CentOS 7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNpBkms9US94azC1XXuAWwXed75AyUmJRQt0SSQpRXT9YRN2BhKMrMM37PRpHC_qLdzZlCeCsw12e5tZokPKs423aOh9KKcPaGzxL-k6jACW8vKNAzLrg5Km8NWmMj9rW6amXzg1RHRUY/s900/ssh.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="900" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNpBkms9US94azC1XXuAWwXed75AyUmJRQt0SSQpRXT9YRN2BhKMrMM37PRpHC_qLdzZlCeCsw12e5tZokPKs423aOh9KKcPaGzxL-k6jACW8vKNAzLrg5Km8NWmMj9rW6amXzg1RHRUY/w400-h249/ssh.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"" style="background-color: white; color: #2d3748; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></p><p><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"" style="background-color: white; color: #2d3748; font-size: 17px;">Langkah pertama ya edit konfigurasi daemon SSH:</span></p><pre class="language-bash" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-bash" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #f08d49;">nano</span> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Didalamnya gantikan portnya:</p><pre class="language-ini" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-ini" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">Port 12345</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Nah sebenarnya disini ada satu tahap lagi, karena setahu saya CentOS 7 itu SELinux pasti aktif dan aturan defaultnya SSH itu hanya bisa lewat port 22. Jadi kita perlu tambahkan whitelistnya:</p><pre class="language-bash" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-bash" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">semanage port -a -t ssh_port_t -p tcp 12345</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Akhirnya kita perlu instruksikan firewallnya agar port baru diatas diijinkan:</p><pre class="language-bash" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-bash" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">firewall-cmd --permanent --zone<span class="token operator" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #67cdcc;">=</span>public --add-port<span class="token operator" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #67cdcc;">=</span>12345/tcp</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Setelahnya kita reload setting barunya:</p><pre class="language-bash" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-bash" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">firewall-cmd --reload</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Baru kita restart proses SSH:</p><pre class="language-bash" style="background: rgb(45, 45, 45); box-sizing: inherit; color: #cccccc; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 17px; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing); max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1em; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal;"><code class="language-bash" style="background: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 1em; hyphens: none; line-height: 1.5; overflow-wrap: normal; tab-size: 4; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">systemctl restart sshd.service</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">thats all. </p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2d3748; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: var(--global-md-spacing);">Sumber : https://servernesia.com/2713/mengganti-port-ssh-centos-7/</p>
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<br /> ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-62391832826724845212021-02-15T09:00:00.002+07:002021-05-21T14:17:04.883+07:00Turn Off Automatically Sorting to Bottom of List on Notes MacOS<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvJ8WyOTo45gfnjo-j8KJJiyrCktXHnkPAz8-Cx0ZMjFW5Y5Jr3dUzCTNpHrWCPtl4aRb8w71LwFopZAnfoW2jd1Ego-jEhI1ZeAFlatQ2aSxIT7Zj9pVoDleumWu-pXl5_-0ilSygiQ/s960/1_gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIvJ8WyOTo45gfnjo-j8KJJiyrCktXHnkPAz8-Cx0ZMjFW5Y5Jr3dUzCTNpHrWCPtl4aRb8w71LwFopZAnfoW2jd1Ego-jEhI1ZeAFlatQ2aSxIT7Zj9pVoDleumWu-pXl5_-0ilSygiQ/w400-h225/1_gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif" width="400" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">When you first start using Apple Notes for Checklists you may find that as soon as you check off an item it automatically gets sorted to the bottom of the list. You can turn this sorting behavior off in Preferences (cmd + comma).</span></p><blockquote class="kt ku kv" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; orphans: 2; padding-left: 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><p class="hn ho kw hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="87bb" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">When you check an item, does it automatically drop to the bottom? You can change this behavior in Apple Notes Preferences</p></blockquote><ol class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="85ab" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2em; padding-left: 0px;">Click on Notes in Top Menu</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="b65a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Click on Preferences (or use cmd +,)</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9dda" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Uncheck ‘Automatically Sort Checked Items’ (to the bottom)</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="528c" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Now items will remain in place when checked</li></ol><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.06300000101327896px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.06300000101327896px;"><br /></span></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(41, 41, 41); font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.06300000101327896px;"><u>Other Trik you must know on Notes MacOs - how to use checklist :</u></span></span></h2><div style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><ol class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq kg hr hs ht kh hu hv hw ki hx hy hz kj ia ib ic kk id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="4626" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 0.86em; padding-left: 0px;">How To Create Checklists in Apple Notes</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fcc0" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">How To Mark All Items As Checked</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f314" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">How to Uncheck All Items</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5c32" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">How to Change Preference for Checked Items Moving to Bottom of Lists</li></ol><blockquote class="kt ku kv" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><p class="hn ho kw hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="65fd" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><span class="hp cu" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Note:</span> Apple Notes & Checklists Work on Macs & iOS Devices</p></blockquote><h1 class="lc jj fo av jk ld le hr jo lf lg hu js lh li lj jw lk ll lm ka ln lo lp ke lq gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="10d8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 500; line-height: 36px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">How To Create Checklists in Apple Notes</h1><p class="hn ho fo hp b hq kg hr hs ht kh hu hv hw ki hx hy hz kj ia ib ic kk id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="a558" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-word;">I use Apple Notes checklists for daily routines, packing lists, shopping lists, tutorials to make, step-by-step workflows and more.</p><ol class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c859" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2em; padding-left: 0px;">Open Apple Notes App on Mac or iOS Device</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="980a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Create a New Note (Cmd + N)</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="960c" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Type out a list of stuff</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c42f" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Drag a selection over the items you want in a checklist</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="3cb8" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Click the circle with checkmark from the toolbar</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="16e9" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Click in the circles to check items</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="6636" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Click in the circle to uncheck items</li></ol><figure class="ii ij ik il im in fb fc paragraph-image" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 56px auto 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><div class="io ip ah iq w ir" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 680px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"><div class="fb fc lr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1920px;"><div class="ix s ah iy" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; box-sizing: inherit; margin: auto; position: relative;"><div class="iz ja s" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 382.5px;"><div class="eq is fe et ep it w iu iv iw" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translateZ(0px); transition: opacity 100ms ease 400ms; width: 680px; will-change: transform;"><img alt="Image for post" class="fe et ep it w jb jc at xi" height="1080" src="https://miro.medium.com/freeze/max/60/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 382.5px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 680px;" width="1920" /></div><img alt="Image for post" class="us ut fe et ep it w c" height="1080" sizes="700px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/3840/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1104/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif 552w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1280/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif 640w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*IsEJrx1rlUa5HV-UhASQOQ.gif 700w" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 680px;" width="1920" /></div></div></div></div><figcaption class="je jf fd fb fc jg jh av b aw ax bt" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Apple Notes on Mac</figcaption></figure><h1 class="lc jj fo av jk ld le hr jo lf lg hu js lh li lj jw lk ll lm ka ln lo lp ke lq gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5444" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 500; line-height: 36px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">How To Check & Uncheck All Items in Checklist</h1><p class="hn ho fo hp b hq kg hr hs ht kh hu hv hw ki hx hy hz kj ia ib ic kk id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5060" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-word;">You can quickly check or uncheck all items so you can re-use checklists over and over without having to manually uncheck each item.</p><ol class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9c54" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="hp cu" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Check All: </span>Ctrl +Click (right-click) and select ‘Check All’</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f964" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;"><span class="hp cu" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Uncheck All: </span>Ctrl +Click (right-click) and select ‘Uncheck All’</li></ol><blockquote class="kt ku kv" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><p class="hn ho kw hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="12bb" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;"><span class="hp cu" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Note</span>: You can also go to the ‘Format’ Menu in the top menu bar to access the same items as the right-click contextual menu</p></blockquote><figure class="ii ij ik il im in fb fc paragraph-image" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 56px auto 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><div class="io ip ah iq w ir" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 680px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"><div class="fb fc lr" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1920px;"><div class="ix s ah iy" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; box-sizing: inherit; margin: auto; position: relative;"><div class="iz ja s" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 382.5px;"><div class="eq is fe et ep it w iu iv iw" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translateZ(0px); transition: opacity 100ms ease 400ms; width: 680px; will-change: transform;"><img alt="Image for post" class="fe et ep it w jb jc at xi" height="1080" src="https://miro.medium.com/freeze/max/60/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 382.5px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 680px;" width="1920" /></div><img alt="Image for post" class="us ut fe et ep it w c" height="1080" sizes="700px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/3840/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1104/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif 552w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1280/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif 640w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*c-6jNGh1Iwq_8xptQt8A6A.gif 700w" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 680px;" width="1920" /></div></div></div></div></figure><h1 class="lc jj fo av jk ld le hr jo lf lg hu js lh li lj jw lk ll lm ka ln lo lp ke lq gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="f188" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 500; line-height: 36px; margin: 1.95em 0px -0.28em; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">Turn Off Automatically Sorting to Bottom of List</h1><p class="hn ho fo hp b hq kg hr hs ht kh hu hv hw ki hx hy hz kj ia ib ic kk id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="7cfc" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.86em 0px -0.46em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-word;">When you first start using Apple Notes for Checklists you may find that as soon as you check off an item it automatically gets sorted to the bottom of the list. You can turn this sorting behavior off in Preferences (cmd + comma).</p><blockquote class="kt ku kv" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(41, 41, 41) 3px 0px 0px 0px inset; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0px -20px; padding-left: 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><p class="hn ho kw hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig dh gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="87bb" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">When you check an item, does it automatically drop to the bottom? You can change this behavior in Apple Notes Preferences</p></blockquote><ol class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq kx hr hs ht ky hu hv hw kz hx hy hz la ia ib ic lb id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="85ab" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 2em; padding-left: 0px;">Click on Notes in Top Menu</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="b65a" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Click on Preferences (or use cmd +,)</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="9dda" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Uncheck ‘Automatically Sort Checked Items’ (to the bottom)</li><li class="hn ho fo hp b hq ko hr hs ht kp hu hv hw kq hx hy hz kr ia ib ic ks id ie ig kl km kn gk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="528c" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: charter, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: -0.46em; margin-left: 30px; margin-top: 1.05em; padding-left: 0px;">Now items will remain in place when checked</li></ol><figure class="ii ij ik il im in fb fc paragraph-image" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 56px auto 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><div class="io ip ah iq w ir" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 680px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"><div class="fb fc ls" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 960px;"><div class="ix s ah iy" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; box-sizing: inherit; margin: auto; position: relative;"><div class="iz ja s" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 382.5px;"><div class="eq is fe et ep it w iu iv iw" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translateZ(0px); transition: opacity 100ms ease 400ms; width: 680px; will-change: transform;"><img alt="Image for post" class="fe et ep it w jb jc at xi" height="540" src="https://miro.medium.com/freeze/max/60/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 382.5px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 680px;" width="960" /></div><img alt="Image for post" class="us ut fe et ep it w c" height="540" sizes="700px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1920/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1104/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif 552w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1280/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif 640w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*gMzIVkkravAAzXk0GsfakA.gif 700w" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 680px;" width="960" /></div></div></div></div><figcaption class="je jf fd fb fc jg jh av b aw ax bt" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Are checked items automatically sorting to the bottom? (The fix 👇)</figcaption></figure><figure class="ii ij ik il im in fb fc paragraph-image" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 56px auto 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><div class="io ip ah iq w ir" role="button" style="box-sizing: inherit; cursor: zoom-in; position: relative; transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1) 0s; width: 680px; z-index: auto;" tabindex="0"><div class="fb fc ls" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 960px;"><div class="ix s ah iy" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; box-sizing: inherit; margin: auto; position: relative;"><div class="iz ja s" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 0px; padding-bottom: 382.5px;"><div class="eq is fe et ep it w iu iv iw" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: translateZ(0px); transition: opacity 100ms ease 400ms; width: 680px; will-change: transform;"><img alt="Image for post" class="fe et ep it w jb jc at xi" height="540" src="https://miro.medium.com/freeze/max/60/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif?q=20" style="box-sizing: inherit; filter: blur(20px); height: 382.5px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transform: scale(1.1); transition: visibility 0ms ease 400ms; vertical-align: middle; visibility: hidden; width: 680px;" width="960" /></div><img alt="Image for post" class="us ut fe et ep it w c" height="540" sizes="700px" src="https://miro.medium.com/max/1920/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif" srcset="https://miro.medium.com/max/552/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif 276w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1104/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif 552w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1280/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif 640w, https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*-O8XEgq7lVG1olTK2aT1YQ.gif 700w" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; height: 382.5px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: opacity 400ms ease 0ms; vertical-align: middle; width: 680px;" width="960" /></div></div></div></div><figcaption class="je jf fd fb fc jg jh av b aw ax bt" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Turn off Preferences for Auto-Sort to Bottom</figcaption><figcaption class="je jf fd fb fc jg jh av b aw ax bt" data-selectable-paragraph="" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 728px; text-align: center;">Source : https://mikemurphyco.medium.com/312-apple-notes-how-to-use-checklists-9cb79d91b186 </figcaption></figure></div>
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<br /> ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-81180415796773932552021-02-01T00:40:00.011+07:002021-02-01T00:40:00.277+07:00how make mysql query log before runing query<p>login to mysql with</p><p>mysql -u user -p</p><p>and entter password</p><p>next write this command</p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;">mysql> tee /lokasian_you_want_save_it/name_of_log</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;">example :</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;">mysql> tee /var/query/log_transfer/_querymaret_02-17_032020.sql</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Menlo; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxpRbUCskqm1HmmfzieqtHIGBuGP8HT7t-DwRTWUI5OOnbIyQc54JDzLL-_72a2kMLifXCw5n5QZKAuUc7xfnuUQMMnJIz9lcXnFEJnRZvsdBZNGRryQLvpnfLgh3zlj2_nFqDp0pxf3k/s1106/Screen+Shot+2021-01-31+at+00.44.39.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="1106" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxpRbUCskqm1HmmfzieqtHIGBuGP8HT7t-DwRTWUI5OOnbIyQc54JDzLL-_72a2kMLifXCw5n5QZKAuUc7xfnuUQMMnJIz9lcXnFEJnRZvsdBZNGRryQLvpnfLgh3zlj2_nFqDp0pxf3k/w640-h102/Screen+Shot+2021-01-31+at+00.44.39.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;">in my case i just running some query and all of my query and result will loged to file where we define with tee command.</span><p></p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVx_Bz9wJXuzRKKpb78GK_02EP1sFhcqJFHSyKTlRNF3SEY6HWRLNFS99lPEy0Q64drL38hRtu254iyz9j8H8H9h4DAo-gSnN_p2kigAk0EcjGcbgXMpVJANE0d1pY4SzLAntOdLPKY8Y/s930/Screen+Shot+2021-01-31+at+00.47.44.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="930" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVx_Bz9wJXuzRKKpb78GK_02EP1sFhcqJFHSyKTlRNF3SEY6HWRLNFS99lPEy0Q64drL38hRtu254iyz9j8H8H9h4DAo-gSnN_p2kigAk0EcjGcbgXMpVJANE0d1pY4SzLAntOdLPKY8Y/w400-h109/Screen+Shot+2021-01-31+at+00.47.44.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span class="s1" style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;"><br /></span></div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-2312929633355731912021-01-26T10:14:00.011+07:002021-01-26T10:14:00.236+07:00VirtualBox NS_ERROR_FAILURE (0x80004005) on MacOs Big Sur<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEituA5mfhgAHV7SwLw2ks6xJN2hJ0B5Aee0CZLwJYaVh6L6adYJRadJReJ0Igcx2znFdcqU3pxBJ9HSrj7nq5wjlnG_OQC3LOwSkrVQmIq1qCCDgLzUTBo3m82uJbrHmBPKX6dglKLRty8/s2048/USvcj.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="2048" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEituA5mfhgAHV7SwLw2ks6xJN2hJ0B5Aee0CZLwJYaVh6L6adYJRadJReJ0Igcx2znFdcqU3pxBJ9HSrj7nq5wjlnG_OQC3LOwSkrVQmIq1qCCDgLzUTBo3m82uJbrHmBPKX6dglKLRty8/w640-h400/USvcj.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p><br /></p>if you get this error mesage like this, here some steps you can do, for fix it.<p></p><h2>UNINSTALL AND INSTALL AGAIN YOUR VIRTUAL BOX</h2><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">So, To fix this issue you will need to be in an admin account then you will need the VirtualBox .dmg file download then you will open the dmg you should see something like this <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qvAyc.png" rel="noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qvAyc.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" /></a> Click on the VirtualBox_uninstall.tool file. Then you will see your terminal open and give you this output</p><pre style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--highlight-color); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.30769; margin-bottom: calc(var(--s-prose-spacing) + 0.4em); margin-top: 0px; max-height: 600px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><code style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--black-800); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: inherit;">Last login: Thu May 3 18:47:27 on ttys000
macname:~ user_name$ /Volumes/VirtualBox/VirtualBox_Uninstall.tool ; exit;
Welcome to the VirtualBox uninstaller script.
The following files and directories (bundles) will be removed:
/usr/local/bin/VirtualBox
/usr/local/bin/VBoxManage
/usr/local/bin/VBoxVRDP
/usr/local/bin/VBoxHeadless
/usr/local/bin/vboxwebsrv
/usr/local/bin/VBoxBugReport
/usr/local/bin/VBoxBalloonCtrl
/usr/local/bin/VBoxAutostart
/usr/local/bin/VBoxDTrace
/usr/local/bin/vbox-img
/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.virtualbox.startup.plist
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/LaunchDaemons/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxDrv.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxUSB.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxNetFlt.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxNetAdp.kext/
/Applications/VirtualBox.app/
And the following KEXTs will be unloaded: org.virtualbox.kext.VBoxDrv
Do you wish to uninstall VirtualBox (Yes/No)?
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">type Yes</p><pre style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--highlight-color); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.30769; margin-bottom: calc(var(--s-prose-spacing) + 0.4em); margin-top: 0px; max-height: 600px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><code style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--black-800); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: inherit;">The uninstallation processes requires administrative privileges
because some of the installed files cannot be removed by a normal
user. You may be prompted for your password now...
Please enter your_id password:
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enter Your password <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YOU MUST ME ADMIN</em> OR ROOT</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Then Once the terminal is done uninstalling.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">So, To fix this issue you will need to be in an admin account then you will need the VirtualBox .dmg file download then you will open the dmg you should see something like this <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qvAyc.png" rel="noreferrer" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/qvAyc.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" /></a> Click on the VirtualBox_uninstall.tool file. Then you will see your terminal open and give you this output</p><pre style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--highlight-color); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.30769; margin-bottom: calc(var(--s-prose-spacing) + 0.4em); margin-top: 0px; max-height: 600px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><code style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--black-800); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: inherit;">Last login: Thu May 3 18:47:27 on ttys000
macname:~ user_name$ /Volumes/VirtualBox/VirtualBox_Uninstall.tool ; exit;
Welcome to the VirtualBox uninstaller script.
The following files and directories (bundles) will be removed:
/usr/local/bin/VirtualBox
/usr/local/bin/VBoxManage
/usr/local/bin/VBoxVRDP
/usr/local/bin/VBoxHeadless
/usr/local/bin/vboxwebsrv
/usr/local/bin/VBoxBugReport
/usr/local/bin/VBoxBalloonCtrl
/usr/local/bin/VBoxAutostart
/usr/local/bin/VBoxDTrace
/usr/local/bin/vbox-img
/Library/LaunchDaemons/org.virtualbox.startup.plist
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/LaunchDaemons/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxDrv.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxUSB.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxNetFlt.kext/
/Library/Application Support/VirtualBox/VBoxNetAdp.kext/
/Applications/VirtualBox.app/
And the following KEXTs will be unloaded: org.virtualbox.kext.VBoxDrv
Do you wish to uninstall VirtualBox (Yes/No)?
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">type Yes</p><pre style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--highlight-color); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.30769; margin-bottom: calc(var(--s-prose-spacing) + 0.4em); margin-top: 0px; max-height: 600px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><code style="border-radius: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--black-800); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: inherit;">The uninstallation processes requires administrative privileges
because some of the installed files cannot be removed by a normal
user. You may be prompted for your password now...
Please enter your_id password:
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Enter Your password <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">YOU MUST ME ADMIN</em> OR ROOT</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Then Once the terminal is done uninstalling.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">open the VirtualBox.dmg again and follow the steps to install it then at the end it will say installing failed or some kind of error.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Open: System Preferences > Security & Privacy . then on the bottom of that window you will see a message to allow access to the virtual box just click that and open Virtual Box you will be good to go but after this i ran into another problem which is not that improtent related to Bridge Adapter. :</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/324154/failed-to-open-create-the-internal-network-hostinterfacenetworking-en0-virtual" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">Failed to open/create the internal network 'HostInterfaceNetworking-en0' VirtualBox?</a></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IF THAT NOT FIXED THAT ISSUE</h2><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If reinstalling hasn't fixed the issue, check and see if you have SIP enabled. In my case it was disabled and re-enabling it did the trick. I suspect that if it's disabled, you know how to enable it, but just in case: reboot into recovery mode, sign in with your user account, go to utilities > terminal and run</p><pre class="lang-bsh s-code-block hljs bash" style="border-radius: 5px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: var(--highlight-color); font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Monaco, "Lucida Console", "Liberation Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", monospace, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.30769; margin-bottom: calc(var(--s-prose-spacing) + 0.4em); margin-top: 0px; max-height: 600px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;"><code style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: inherit;">csrutil <span class="hljs-built_in" color="var(--highlight-literal)" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">enable</span> && reboot
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This fixed the issue for me.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">FOR NETWORK ISSUE</h2><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #242729; font-family: Arial, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: var(--s-prose-spacing); margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If network VM cant connect, just adjust network setting, on Network Tab, set "Attached To -> NAT "</p><br /> ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-8089238892355357742021-01-25T09:44:00.001+07:002021-01-25T09:44:06.193+07:00How change where screenshots are saved on Mac<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKuY-aO89HpxshyphenhyphenVekONmJC6kb2Ccl3PInSRMY9s6z5SwqDwyUvqa_skeBydF7pP7tfwIG1gbusTk6A3E0ZchEHiWAT_tLuu3eFeIgDY04DT0Ai1B-FaEJeZf8ZoArkxZr1Gw04TwA9RU/s1578/Screen+Shot+2021-01-25+at+09.42.35.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="784" data-original-width="1578" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKuY-aO89HpxshyphenhyphenVekONmJC6kb2Ccl3PInSRMY9s6z5SwqDwyUvqa_skeBydF7pP7tfwIG1gbusTk6A3E0ZchEHiWAT_tLuu3eFeIgDY04DT0Ai1B-FaEJeZf8ZoArkxZr1Gw04TwA9RU/w640-h318/Screen+Shot+2021-01-25+at+09.42.35.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>Result of Screenshots in mac often stack on Desktop, thats make desktop look like chaotic. for newbe like me is quit give me headache to find out how to solve this. here some articel where i found on internet.<p></p><div><br /></div><div><h2 style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Where are screenshots saved on Mac?</h2><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">By default, Mac screenshots are saved to the desktop and have a name such as 'Screenshot 2018-09-28 at 16.20.56', indicating the date and time the screenshot was taken.</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you haven't installed Mojave on your Mac - the version of macOS that arrived in 2018 - you will also have a screenshotting app called Grab available. Grab (which was located in a Utilities folder in the Applications folder) could also be used to take screenshots - but they tended to end up elsewhere once you'd saved them. Grab usually saved screenshots to your Documents folder, and if you didn't change the name of the image it will save as Untitled.</p><h2 style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">How to change where Mac screenshots are saved</h2></div><div><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you have installed Mojave it is very easy to change where screenshots are saved.</p><ol style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Press Command + Shift + 5.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click on Options.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Now either pick a folder that is listed, or choose Other Location.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">If you choose Other Locaiton you can navigate to the folder you wish the screenshot to go to, or create a folder if required.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Once you have changed the location that is where your screenshots will go until you change it again.</li></ol><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You could choose from the following: Desktop, Dopcuments, Clipboard, Mail, Messages, Preview, or other location you want.</p><div id="nativo1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"></div><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="How change where save screenshot Mojave" class="lz imageLightbox idgowned loaded" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3682381/screenshot_options_for_saving.jpg" height="391" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3682381/screenshot_options_for_saving.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none;" title="Click for slideshow" width="787" /></p><h2 style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">How to change where Mac screenshots are saved in older macOS versions</h2><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Pre-Mojave it wasn't quite so easy to tell macOS to save screenshots somewhere else: in a folder labelled Screengrabs, for example. In the following example we'll assume we've created a desktop folder called exactly that, but you can change this process for different locations provided you know the file path.</p><ol style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click on the Finder to open a new Finder window.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Create a folder in the Finder by right clicking on the Finder window. Name it Screenshots (or whatever you want to call it)</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Now open Terminal (press Command + Space and start typing Terminal until the icon appears) then click on that icon to open the app.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">In Terminal type the following:<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;" />defaults write com.apple.screencapture location<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;" />(There needs to be a space after location - it won’t work without it)</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Now drag and drop your Screenshots folder on top of the Terminal window and it will automatically fill in the directory path.<img alt="" class="lz loaded" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3678783/terminal_window_.png" height="416" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3678783/terminal_window_.png" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none;" title="Click for slideshow" width="639" /></li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Now press Enter.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Then type the following to make sure the change take effect:<br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;" />killall SystemUIServer</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">A word of warning - don’t delete the folder you created!</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">If you would still like easy access to your screenshots from the desktop you could create an alias. Just locate the folder you created in the Finder and right click on it.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Choose Create Alias.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Now drag and drop the Alias to the desktop.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Take a couple of screenshots to check it's working.</li></ol><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you'd like to revert to the default screenshot location, go back to Terminal and type "defaults write com.apple.screencapture location ~/Desktop" (with no quotation marks) and hit Enter. Then type "killall SystemUIServer" (no quotes) and hit Enter.</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="How to change where Mac screenshots are saved: Terminal" class="lz loaded" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3682381/how_to_change_where_mac_screenshots_saved_800.jpg" height="493" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3682381/how_to_change_where_mac_screenshots_saved_800.jpg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none;" title="Click for slideshow" width="800" /></p><h2 style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Save screenshots to the pasteboard</h2><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">The Print Screen function on a Windows PC works a bit differently to Mac.</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Instead of saving a screenshot direct to the desktop, in Windows it saves it to the pasteboard. You then need to open Photoshop, Paint or whichever image-editing app you prefer, create a new document, and paste the screenshot on to it.</p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="avid" data-google-query-id="CMzGwpuHtu4CFantuwgd_hQIJg" id="avid-pos1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 25px 0px; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you wish, you can replicate this function on a Mac by changing the keys you hold when taking the screenshot.</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Once you've used Command + Shift + 4 to create the crosshairs, hold Ctrl while dragging the cursor across the desired area. The resultant screengrab will be copied to the pasteboard - in other words, you'll be able to paste it into a Photoshop document or similar - instead of the desktop. Many power users will find this neater.</p><p style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">This works the same in Mojave - although you do have the option of setting the default (as above) to be Pastebord, whcih would mean you didn't need to press Ctrl as well.</p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="smallMpuSmallLeaderboard" data-google-query-id="CIPPop2Htu4CFdHhuwgdVdwB_Q" id="smallMpuSmallLeaderboard-pos1" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div><ol style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Hold down Command + Shift + 4. The crosshairs will appear. You can let go of the keys.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Press Ctrl and drag the crosshairs across area of screen you want to screenshot.</li><li style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Screenshot will be saved to pasteboard.</li></ol><div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19.2px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div><span style="color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19.2px;">Sumber : https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/change-where-mac-screenshots-saved-3682381/</span></span></div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-53350216052160060012021-01-17T19:44:00.004+07:002021-01-17T19:52:14.300+07:00Tmux Cheat Sheet<p> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a
href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCRnVKZy47Bgeq7rgBhT5EFrBlGhsiXCQZdHMCUgZz17j5PNND0k0iRx13EWLYbBRazzqCWXhlcex9dwIa7n-PGb3fv8NGxdLC103HuDjTMYSzKMLYrUYNdjqLb7hEDo52kll-woBhKk/s305/tmux-logo-medium.png"
style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"
><img
border="0"
data-original-height="80"
data-original-width="305"
height="168"
src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCRnVKZy47Bgeq7rgBhT5EFrBlGhsiXCQZdHMCUgZz17j5PNND0k0iRx13EWLYbBRazzqCWXhlcex9dwIa7n-PGb3fv8NGxdLC103HuDjTMYSzKMLYrUYNdjqLb7hEDo52kll-woBhKk/w640-h168/tmux-logo-medium.png"
width="640"
/></a>
</div>
<br />
<p></p>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />Sessions
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="e595779b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="e595779b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux new
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="e595779b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux new-session
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="e595779b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>new
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="e595779b"
>
Start a new session
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="3441f6f6"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux new -s mysession
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="3441f6f6"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>new -s mysession
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="3441f6f6"
>
Start a new session with the name <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"
>mysession</i
>
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="d4a3db2c"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux kill-ses -t mysession
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="d4a3db2c"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux kill-session -t mysession
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="d4a3db2c"
>
kill/delete session <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">mysession</i>
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="cd4a6f59"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux kill-session -a
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="cd4a6f59"
>
kill/delete all sessions but the current
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="d0f01fa6"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux kill-session -a -t mysession
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="d0f01fa6"
>
kill/delete all sessions but <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"
>mysession</i
>
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="5b352506"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>$</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="5b352506"
>
Rename session
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="33650188"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>d</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="33650188"
>
Detach from session
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="74c38879"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>attach -d
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="74c38879"
>
Detach others on the session (Maximize window by detach other clients)
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="a0ca8bf5"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux ls
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="a0ca8bf5"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux list-sessions
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="a0ca8bf5"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>s</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="a0ca8bf5"
>
Show all sessions
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="06dae412"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux a
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="06dae412"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux at
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="06dae412"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux attach
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="06dae412"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux attach-session
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="06dae412"
>
Attach to last session
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="cdbbbe0b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux a -t mysession
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="cdbbbe0b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux at -t mysession
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="cdbbbe0b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux attach -t mysession
</div>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="cdbbbe0b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux attach-session -t mysession
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="cdbbbe0b"
>
Attach to a session with the name <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"
>mysession</i
>
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="a041fa14"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>(</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="a041fa14"
>
Move to previous session
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="cb250325"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>)</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="cb250325"
>
Move to next session
</p>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="cb250325"
>
<br />
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
></div>
</div>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<br />
<script
async=""
src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"
></script>
<ins
class="adsbygoogle"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9825719901007799"
data-ad-format="fluid"
data-ad-layout="in-article"
data-ad-slot="2262160082"
style="display: block; text-align: center;"
></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
Windows
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="4209c136"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux new -s mysession -n mywindow
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="4209c136"
>
start a new session with the name <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"
>mysession</i
> and window <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">mywindow</i>
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="07476f71"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>c</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="07476f71"
>
Create window
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1d525ac4"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>,</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="1d525ac4"
>
Rename current window
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="18ed4612"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>&</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="18ed4612"
>
Close current window
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="11569f94"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>p</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="11569f94"
>
Previous window
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="9849dfbe"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>n</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="9849dfbe"
>
Next window
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="7995714c"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>0</kbd
> ... <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>9</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="7995714c"
>
Switch/select window by number
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="0af11a17"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>swap-window -s 2 -t 1
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="0af11a17"
>
Reorder window, swap window number 2(src) and 1(dst)
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="c2241854"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>swap-window -t -1
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="c2241854"
>
Move current window to the left by one position
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
Panes
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="401b1d9f"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>;</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="401b1d9f"
>
Toggle last active pane
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="7899c47a"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>%</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="7899c47a"
>
Split pane vertically
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="11aed18f"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>"</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="11aed18f"
>
Split pane horizontally
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="5259967c"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>{</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="5259967c"
>
Move the current pane left
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="e8d90314"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>}</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="e8d90314"
>
Move the current pane right
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="353793b8"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-up"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="353793b8"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-down"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="353793b8"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-right"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="353793b8"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-left"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="353793b8"
>
Switch to pane to the direction
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="dcebd6c9"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>setw synchronize-panes
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="dcebd6c9"
>
Toggle synchronize-panes(send command to all panes)
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="cc6073cd"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Spacebar</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="cc6073cd"
>
Toggle between pane layouts
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="27cd8aef"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>o</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="27cd8aef"
>
Switch to next pane
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="01335f0b"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>q</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="01335f0b"
>
Show pane numbers
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="39eb3e75"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><span
class="kbd-margin"
style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>q</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>0</kbd
> ... <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>9</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="39eb3e75"
>
Switch/select pane by number
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="f18cb01c"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>z</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="f18cb01c"
>
Toggle pane zoom
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1c102d89"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>!</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="1c102d89"
>
Convert pane into a window
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1cccbc19"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
>+ <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-up"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1cccbc19"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-up"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1cccbc19"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
>+ <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-down"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1cccbc19"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-down"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="1cccbc19"
>
Resize current pane height(holding second key is optional)
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="672f30c0"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
>+ <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-right"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="672f30c0"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-right"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="672f30c0"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
>+ <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-left"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="672f30c0"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-left"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="672f30c0"
>
Resize current pane width(holding second key is optional)
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="d23a6791"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>x</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="d23a6791"
>
Close current pane
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<br />
<script
async=""
src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"
></script>
<ins
class="adsbygoogle"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9825719901007799"
data-ad-format="fluid"
data-ad-layout="in-article"
data-ad-slot="2262160082"
style="display: block; text-align: center;"
></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
Copy Mode
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="6760c67e"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>setw -g mode-keys vi
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="6760c67e"
>
use vi keys in buffer
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="31de0710"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>[</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="31de0710"
>
Enter copy mode
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="b7766f76"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>PgUp</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="b7766f76"
>
Enter copy mode and scroll one page up
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="8823da0f"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>q</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="8823da0f"
>
Quit mode
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="a8a3fbc3"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>g</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="a8a3fbc3"
>
Go to top line
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="81316c2a"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>G</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="81316c2a"
>
Go to bottom line
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1c59042f"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-up"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="1c59042f"
>
Scroll up
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="95394867"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
><span
class="fa fa-long-arrow-down"
style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; text-rendering: auto;"
></span
></kbd>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="95394867"
>
Scroll down
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="0c8a86e2"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>h</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="0c8a86e2"
>
Move cursor left
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="5d53b95f"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>j</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="5d53b95f"
>
Move cursor down
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="8b0df978"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>k</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="8b0df978"
>
Move cursor up
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="1f90394d"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>l</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="1f90394d"
>
Move cursor right
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="2c55dd92"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>w</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="2c55dd92"
>
Move cursor forward one word at a time
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="4ab84961"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="4ab84961"
>
Move cursor backward one word at a time
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="7f4e94bf"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>/</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="7f4e94bf"
>
Search forward
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="bd976ea2"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>?</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="bd976ea2"
>
Search backward
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="65b357ab"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>n</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="65b357ab"
>
Next keyword occurance
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="e41933e9"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>N</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="e41933e9"
>
Previous keyword occurance
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="b37413b6"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Spacebar</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="b37413b6"
>
Start selection
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="912bcc43"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Esc</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="912bcc43"
>
Clear selection
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="b13dd57e"
>
<kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Enter</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="b13dd57e"
>
Copy selection
</p>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="af698827"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>]</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="af698827"
>
Paste contents of buffer_0
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="e5f0bbea"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>show-buffer
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="e5f0bbea"
>
display buffer_0 contents
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="0f982cfe"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>capture-pane
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="0f982cfe"
>
copy entire visible contents of pane to a buffer
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="78f702a9"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>list-buffers
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="78f702a9"
>
Show all buffers
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="29861618"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>choose-buffer
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="29861618"
>
Show all buffers and paste selected
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="52b3dd3f"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>save-buffer buf.txt
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="52b3dd3f"
>
Save buffer contents to <i style="box-sizing: border-box;"
>buf.txt</i
>
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="f5b0ce70"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>delete-buffer -b 1
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="f5b0ce70"
>
delete buffer_1
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
Misc
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="2f3b1140"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>:</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="2f3b1140"
>
Enter command mode
</p>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="5a55ea0b"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>set -g OPTION
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="5a55ea0b"
>
Set OPTION for all sessions
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd tmuxcmd"
style="background: rgb(41, 73, 4); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="9fa0335f"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>: </span
>setw -g OPTION
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="9fa0335f"
>
Set OPTION for all windows
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row category"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-12"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 970px;"
>
<h2
class="bg-info"
style="background-color: #d9edf7; border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 8px 0px; text-align: center;"
>
Help
</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row cheatsheet"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat cmd"
style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 5px 10px;"
tcs="4f44313c"
>
<span class="noselect" style="box-sizing: border-box; user-select: none;"
>$ </span
>tmux info
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="4f44313c"
>
Show every session, window, pane, etc...
</p>
</div>
<div
class="col-md-6"
style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 485px;"
>
<div
class="cheat shortcut"
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"
tcs="6e365cc4"
>
<span class="prefix" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 20px;"
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>Ctrl</kbd
> + <kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>b</kbd
> </span
><kbd
style='background: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: rgb(170, 170, 170) 2px 2px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 19.8px; line-height: 33px; padding: 5px 10px;'
>?</kbd
>
</div>
<p
class="cheat"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; margin: 5px 0px 17px;"
tcs="6e365cc4"
>
Show shortcuts
</p>
<div>Sumber : https://tmuxcheatsheet.com/</div>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="row"
style='background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;'
></div>
<br />
<script
async=""
src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"
></script>
<ins
class="adsbygoogle"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-9825719901007799"
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data-ad-slot="2262160082"
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<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
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<br />
ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-41343489981609524102021-01-12T09:59:00.001+07:002021-01-12T09:59:28.648+07:00Finaly adobe flash player got closed.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a
href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjji29-dx3MHb9i3LbInpvJ0LHTRHxRCUbffbD71VWETNyAq5n2k_1flSELMUAY0y8H5WVrusrGtgodFPEnNv5JCjbKDImPNzQn29ohsxSMiY1bmDu8W_llR0FzO04kgBBpDV-8_C0P5Q/s2002/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.20.37.png"
style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"
><img
border="0"
data-original-height="1466"
data-original-width="2002"
height="469"
src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjji29-dx3MHb9i3LbInpvJ0LHTRHxRCUbffbD71VWETNyAq5n2k_1flSELMUAY0y8H5WVrusrGtgodFPEnNv5JCjbKDImPNzQn29ohsxSMiY1bmDu8W_llR0FzO04kgBBpDV-8_C0P5Q/w640-h469/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.20.37.png"
width="640"
/></a>
</div>
<p>
Finaly adobe flash player got closed, flash was reach EOF (End Of life) who
was adobe said before, safari was blocker it earlier on earky desember 2020,
on safari update it bring flash packet block, it releated with my post
<a
href="https://www.ilhamsp.com/2020/12/safari-14-removes-flash.html"
target="_blank"
>before</a
> <a
href="https://www.ilhamsp.com/2020/12/safari-14-removes-flash.html"
target="_blank"
>safari 14 remove flash player</a
> .
</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a
href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZlnPULAuVqt57Hu7CudNSA3MOBQrNKIjImxuUurHtQrB7ylmy1KEviChSKWCJtFfnHVKXgCUnlI9usGOsNP6_V8S0uBH6VVORt5TpTFysu9aejxeXfRBqAhVp1dlUhyphenhyphenzoo4xCd-tuQM/s2012/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.20.46.png"
style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"
><img
border="0"
data-original-height="1438"
data-original-width="2012"
height="458"
src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZlnPULAuVqt57Hu7CudNSA3MOBQrNKIjImxuUurHtQrB7ylmy1KEviChSKWCJtFfnHVKXgCUnlI9usGOsNP6_V8S0uBH6VVORt5TpTFysu9aejxeXfRBqAhVp1dlUhyphenhyphenzoo4xCd-tuQM/w640-h458/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.20.46.png"
width="640"
/></a>
</div>
<div><br /></div>
<div>
it make big headeach for app developer who use flashplayer supoort they
application. adobe annouced on they pages, why they deicede EOL of flash for
december 2020.
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a
href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZTWWztYNPtQHPrrJN56kPfmjoFanSGjBn6IUgd4YBkcKwALBo4bXiYQSXGv0W5i1DlLDpMRz6YIkK2j7esek4FRQxId3U2pWaDwffOb29ZKDZekqJtF2OK773xXV1cyPaDBg32p4uJDQ/s1952/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.41.53.png"
style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"
><img
border="0"
data-original-height="798"
data-original-width="1952"
height="262"
src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZTWWztYNPtQHPrrJN56kPfmjoFanSGjBn6IUgd4YBkcKwALBo4bXiYQSXGv0W5i1DlLDpMRz6YIkK2j7esek4FRQxId3U2pWaDwffOb29ZKDZekqJtF2OK773xXV1cyPaDBg32p4uJDQ/w640-h262/Screen+Shot+2021-01-12+at+09.41.53.png"
width="640"
/></a>
</div>
<br />
<p>
<span
face='adobe-clean, "Source Sans Pro", -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif'
style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #323232; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: 0.0066px; text-transform: uppercase;"
><b
>WHY DID ADOBE DECIDE TO EOL FLASH PLAYER AND SELECT THE END OF 2020
DATE?</b
></span
>
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
Open standards such as HTML5, WebGL, and WebAssembly have continually matured
over the years and serve as viable alternatives for Flash content. Also, major
browser vendors are integrating these open standards into their browsers and
deprecating most other plug-ins (like Flash Player). See Flash Player
EOL announcements from <a
href="https://webkit.org/blog/7839/adobe-announces-flash-distribution-and-updates-to-end/"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Apple</span></a
><span class="s2" style="text-decoration-line: underline;">,</span> <a
href="https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/2017/07/25/Games-Migration-to-Open-Web-Standards/"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Facebook</span></a
><span class="s2" style="text-decoration-line: underline;">,</span> <a
href="https://www.blog.google/products/chrome/saying-goodbye-flash-chrome/"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Google</span></a
><span class="s2" style="text-decoration-line: underline;">,</span> <a
href="https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2017/07/25/flash-on-windows-timeline/"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Microsoft</span></a
> and <a
href="https://blog.mozilla.org/futurereleases/2017/07/25/firefox-roadmap-flash-end-life/"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Mozilla</span></a
>.
</p>
<p
class="p2"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;'
>
<br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
By providing more than three years’ advance notice, Adobe believes that there
has been sufficient time for developers, designers, businesses, and other
parties to migrate Flash content to new standards. The EOL timing was in
coordination with some of the major browser vendors.
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<b>WHY SHOULD I UNINSTALL FLASH PLAYER FROM MY SYSTEM?</b>
</p>
<p
class="p2"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;'
>
<b></b><br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
Flash Player may remain on your system unless you uninstall it.
Uninstalling Flash Player will help secure your system since Adobe does not
intend to issue Flash Player updates or security patches after the EOL
Date. Adobe will block Flash content from running in Flash Player
beginning January 12, 2021 and the major browser vendors will continue to
disable Flash Player from running after the EOL Date.
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<b>HOW DO I UNINSTALL ADOBE FLASH PLAYER?</b>
</p>
<p
class="p2"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;'
>
<b></b><br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
Click “Uninstall” when prompted by Adobe in Flash Player, or follow these
manual uninstall instructions for <a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-windows.html"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Windows</span></a
> and <a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os.html"
><span class="s1" style="color: #dca10d;">Mac</span></a
> users.
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<br />
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<b>How Uninstall Adobe Flash Player on MacOS</b>
</p>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<br />
</p>
<div
class="header parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<div
class="header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<h3
id="main_os"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 22px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
1. Determine your Mac OS version
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="procedure parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<div
class="procedure"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<ol
class="steps"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: step-counter 0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="proc_par proc_parsys"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"
>
<div
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Click the Apple icon and choose About This Mac.
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
The Mac OS version appears in the About This Mac dialog.
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"
/><img
height="381"
src="http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/865/cpsid_86551/images/MacOS21.gif"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
title="Mac OS Version"
width="309"
/>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="header parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<a
name="main-pars_heading_4"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<h3
id="main_uninstall"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 22px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
2. Run the uninstaller applicable to your Mac OS version
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="text parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<a
name="main-pars_text_3"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<ul
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-block: 0px; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os.html#OS_X_10_4_and_later"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>Run the uninstaller on Mac OS X 10.4 and later, including macOS</a
><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"
/>
</li>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os.html#OS_X_10_1_to_10_3"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>Run the uninstaller on Mac OS X 10.1 to 10.3</a
>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="note parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<div
class="help-note"
style="border-radius: 4px; border: 2px solid rgb(112, 112, 112); box-sizing: border-box; color: #707070; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 20px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<span
class="help-note-title"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Note:</span
>
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Beginning with Flash Player 11.5, uninstalling the Flash Player resets the
AutoUpdateDisable and SilentAutoUpdateEnable settings in mms.cfg to their
default values:
</p>
<ul
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-block: 0px; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 24px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
AutoUpdateDisable=0
</li>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
SilentAutoUpdateEnable=0
</li>
</ul>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
If you are running the Flash Player uninstaller as part of your deployment
process, redeploy any custom changes to either AutoUpdateDisable or
SilentAutoUpdateEnable.
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
></p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="header parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<a
name="main-pars_header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<br />
<script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9825719901007799" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="2262160082" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script>
<br />
<h4
id="OS_X_10_4_and_later"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.06em; line-height: 1em; margin: 22px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"
>
RUN THE UNINSTALLER ON MAC OS X 10.4 AND LATER, INCLUDING MACOS
</h4>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="procedure parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<div
class="procedure"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<ol
class="steps"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: step-counter 0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="proc_par proc_parsys"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"
>
<div
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Download the Adobe Flash Player uninstaller:
</p>
<ul
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 6px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Mac OS X, version 10.6 and later: </span
><a
href="https://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/support/uninstall_flash_player_osx.dmg"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>uninstall_flash_player_osx.dmg</a
>
</li>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Mac OS X, version 10.4 and 10.5: </span
><a
href="https://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/support/uninstall_flash_player_osx_10.4.dmg"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>uninstall_flash_player_osx.dmg</a
>
</li>
</ul>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
The uninstaller is downloaded to the Downloads folder of
your browser by default.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
In Safari, choose Window > Downloads.
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
If you are using Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), click the Downloads
icon displayed on the browser.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="image parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="image-wrapper"
style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 16px;"
>
<div
class="to-helpx-image-resize"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<img
alt="Click the Downloads icon"
class="cq-dd-image"
src="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os/_jcr_content/main-pars/procedure_2/proc_par/step_1/step_par/img_0.img.jpg/safari_download.jpg"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px;"
title="Click the Downloads icon"
/>
</div>
<small
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></small>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_1"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
In Mozilla, choose Tools > Downloads.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
To open the uninstaller, double-click it in the Downloads
window.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_1"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Note</span
>: If the Flash Player installer window does not
appear, choose Go > Desktop in the Finder. Scroll down
to the Devices section and click Uninstall Flash Player.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
To run the uninstaller, double-click the Uninstaller icon
in the window. If you see a message asking if you want to
open the uninstaller file, click Open.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
When the uninstaller starts, click Uninstall.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
Bookmark or print this page so that you can use the rest of
these instructions after you close your browser.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
To close all browsers, either click the browser name in
the Uninstaller dialog, or close each browser manually and
then click Retry.
</p>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<em
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Note:</span
> Do not click Quit in the Uninstaller window. It
stops the uninstallation process.</em
>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
After you close the browsers, the uninstaller continues
automatically until the uninstallation is complete. When
you see the message notifying you that the uninstallation
succeeded, click Done.<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /><img
height="264"
src="http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/865/cpsid_86551/images/UN05.gif"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
title="Click Done"
width="414" /><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"
/></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Delete the following directories:
</p>
<ul
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 6px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<home
directory>/Library/Preferences/Macromedia/Flash\
Player
</li>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<home directory>/Library/Caches/Adobe/Flash\
Player
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os.html#main_Verify_that_uninstallation_is_complete"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>Verify that uninstallation is complete</a
>.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="header parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<a
name="main-pars_heading_6"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<h4
id="OS_X_10_1_to_10_3"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.06em; line-height: 1em; margin: 22px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"
>
RUN THE UNINSTALLER ON MAC OS X 10.1 TO 10.3
</h4>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="procedure parbase section"
style='background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;'
>
<div
class="procedure"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<ol
class="steps"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: step-counter 0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="proc_par proc_parsys"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"
>
<div
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Download the Adobe Flash Player uninstaller:<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</p>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
<ul
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px;"
>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px 0px 6px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>Mac OS X, version 10.3 and earlier: </span
><a
href="https://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/flash/ts/uninstall_flash_player_osx_10.2.dmg"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>uninstall_flash_player_osx_10.2.dmg</a
> (1.3 MB) (updated 05/27/08)<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</li>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</ul>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</div>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</div>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</div>
</li>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</div>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Choose Window > Downloads to view the downloaded
uninstaller.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Save the uninstaller file in a convenient location.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
To open the uninstaller, double-click it in the
Downloads window.<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /><img
height="84"
src="http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/865/cpsid_86551/images/UNold.gif"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
title="Double-click the uninstaller"
width="330"
/></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
To run the uninstaller, double-click the Uninstaller
icon in the window. If requested, enter your computer
user name and password and click OK.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
When the uninstaller starts, click Continue.<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /><img
height="249"
src="http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/865/cpsid_86551/images/UN10.3.031.gif"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
title="Click Continue"
width="482" /><em
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
><br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;" /></em
></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Bookmark or print this page so that you can
use the rest of these instructions after you close your
browser. Close all browsers and other applications
that use Flash Player, including instant messaging
applications, SWF files, and projectors (EXE files that
play SWF files). Otherwise, the uninstaller cannot
finish (even though it appears to finish).
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Once the uninstaller finishes, the window closes
automatically.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/uninstall-flash-player-mac-os.html#main_Verify_that_uninstallation_is_complete"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"
>Verify that uninstallation is complete</a
>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 6px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
Step text<br
style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"
/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li></div
></span>
</div>
</div>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</ol>
<span
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="header parbase section"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="main-pars_heading_7"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="header"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<h3
id="main_Verify_that_uninstallation_is_complete"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 22px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
3. Verify that uninstallation is complete
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div
class="text parbase section"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="main-pars_text_4"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
You can verify that uninstallation is complete by following these steps:
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<span
face='adobe-clean, HelveticaNeue-light, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif'
style="background-color: white; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
></span>
</p>
<div
class="procedure parbase section"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="procedure"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<ol
class="steps"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-reset: step-counter 0; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="proc_par proc_parsys"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px;"
>
<div
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
Restart your computer.
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</div>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<div
class="step"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<div
class="text parbase"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<a
name="step_par_text_0"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0d66d0; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"
></a>
<div
class="text"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
Open your browser and <a
href="https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player.html"
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1473e6; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"
>check the status of Flash Player</a
>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: step-counter 1; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 10px 0px; min-height: 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; position: relative;"
>
<p
style="border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px;"
>
<br />
</p>
</li>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<p
class="p1"
style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;'
>
<br /><br />
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async=""
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ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-42998328257208817682021-01-11T09:00:00.003+07:002021-01-11T09:00:00.642+07:00Fix Setting locale failed<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFr7pN6WSmEZcC5EAiOVHk42SJ_hADKKqUq5Eyfb-3xThN4fy4TNTaus1M-tGBNm6dcmbnboSA-Ocly3zof6D4Z9lgzvx5dIcBcwMhxTq2TqbgjoS8vfnc5xm0LveFdg_KvT9Py_odGA/s1344/Screen+Shot+2021-01-01+at+21.34.56.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1344" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFr7pN6WSmEZcC5EAiOVHk42SJ_hADKKqUq5Eyfb-3xThN4fy4TNTaus1M-tGBNm6dcmbnboSA-Ocly3zof6D4Z9lgzvx5dIcBcwMhxTq2TqbgjoS8vfnc5xm0LveFdg_KvT9Py_odGA/w640-h334/Screen+Shot+2021-01-01+at+21.34.56.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">You may encounter this error very often on a fresh install.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">One solution to fix this issue, first run the <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">locale</code> command to list the locales currently defined for your user account.</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ locale</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The output will look something like this:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LANGUAGE=
LC_CTYPE="de_DE.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_TIME="de_DE.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="de_DE.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_MESSAGES="de_DE.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_NAME=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_ADDRESS=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_TELEPHONE=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_MEASUREMENT=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_IDENTIFICATION=de_DE.UTF-8
LC_ALL=</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To generate the missing locale and reconfigure locales, identify the name of your locale ( in my case <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">de_DE.UTF-8</code>), or use one another one that you prefer, such as <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">en_US.UTF-8</code>.</p>
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<p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Then generate it using the following command:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo locale-gen "de_US.UTF-8"</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">And you’ll get the output:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Generating locales (this might take a while)...
de_DE.UTF-8... done
Generation complete.</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">After which, reconfigure locales using the following command:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">And you’ll receive the output:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Generating locales...
de_DE.UTF-8... up-to-date
Generation complete.</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">And now you shouldn’t receive any more errors!</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">If you’ve encountered any issues with this short tutorial, please feel free to let us know in the comments or by contacting us via our social media channels, and we’ll get back to you as soon as possible.</p><p> </p><p>Source and Reference :</p><p>https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/setting-locale-failed-ubuntu/</p>
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<br>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-16677873411277857012021-01-08T09:00:00.003+07:002021-01-08T23:24:03.081+07:00Install VPN on centos 7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://openvpn.net/wp-content/uploads/openvpn.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="800" height="336" src="https://openvpn.net/wp-content/uploads/openvpn.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><span face=""PT Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: #222222; color: white; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">Persyaratan</span></p><ul style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">VPS / Dedicated server fresh install dengan OS Centos 7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Akses Root</li></ul><br style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><p class="bold" style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Pre-Install</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Update sistem operasi Centos 7, dan install beberapa tools pendukung.</p><p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">[admin@openvpn ~]# yum -y update<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />[admin@openvpn ~]# yum -y install vim tmux net-tools wget git<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><br style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><p class="bold" style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Install</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Download <span class="italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">Script Installer</span> OpenVPN untuk Centos 7</p><p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">[admin@openvpn ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Angristan/openvpn-install/master/openvpn-install.sh -O openvpn-installer.sh</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"></p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Kemudian eksekusi script openvpn-installer.sh unutk menginstall OpenVPN di Centos 7</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"></p><p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">[admin@openvpn ~]# sh openvpn-installer.sh</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"></p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Output</p>
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<p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Welcome to the OpenVPN installer!<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The git repository is available at:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />https://github.com/angristan/openvpn-install<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I need to ask you a few questions before starting the setup.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You can leave the default options and just press enter if you<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />are ok with them.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I need to know the IPv4 address of the network interface you<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />want OpenVPN listening to.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Unless your server is behind NAT, it should be your public IPv4<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />address.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />IP address: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">10.0.0.197</span> # <-- Fixed IP lokal<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />It seems this server is behind NAT. What is its public IPv4<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />address or hostname?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />We need it for the clients to connect to the server.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Public IPv4 address or hostname: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">IP-PUBLIC</span> #<-- Ganti dengan IP Public masing-masing<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Checking for IPv6 connectivity...<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Your host does not appear to have IPv6 connectivity.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Do you want to enable IPv6 support (NAT)? [y/n]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">n</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />What port do you want OpenVPN to listen to?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1) Default: 1194<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2) Custom<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />3) Random [49152-65535]<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Port choice [1-3]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">1</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />What protocol do you want OpenVPN to use?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />UDP is faster. Unless it is not available, you shouldn't use<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />TCP.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1) UDP<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2) TCP<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Protocol [1-2]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">1</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />What DNS resolvers do you want to use with the VPN?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1) Current system resolvers (from /etc/resolv.conf)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2) Self-hosted DNS Resolver (Unbound)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />3) Cloudflare (Anycast: worldwide)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />4) Quad9 (Anycast: worldwide)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />5) Quad9 uncensored (Anycast: worldwide)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />6) FDN (France)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />7) DNS.WATCH (Germany)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />8) OpenDNS (Anycast: worldwide)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />9) Google (Anycast: worldwide)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />10) Yandex Basic (Russia)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />11) AdGuard DNS (Russia)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />12) Custom<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />DNS [1-12]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">12</span> #<-- Jika menggunakan DNS Custom<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Primary DNS: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">202.162.192.10</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Secondary DNS (optional): <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">202.162.192.11</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />`<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Do you want to use compression? It is not recommended since the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />VORACLE attack make use of it.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Enable compression? [y/n]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">n</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Do you want to customize encryption settings?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Unless you know what you're doing, you should stick with the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />default parameters provided by the script.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Note that whatever you choose, all the choices presented in the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />script are safe. (Unlike OpenVPN's defaults)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />See<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />https://github.com/angristan/openvpn-install#security-and-encryption<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />to learn more.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Customize encryption settings? [y/n]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">n</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Okay, that was all I needed. We are ready to setup your OpenVPN<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />server now.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You will be able to generate a client at the end of the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />installation.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Press any key to continue...<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />...<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Di potong untuk mempersingkat.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />...<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Tell me a name for the client.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Use one word only, no special characters.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Client name: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">OpenVpnUser</span> #<-- User OpenVPN<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Do you want to protect the configuration file with a password?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />(e.g. encrypt the private key with a password)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />1) Add a passwordless client<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />2) Use a password for the client<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Select an option [1-2]: <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">1</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Client aidil added, the configuration file is available at /root/<span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">OpenVpnUser</span>.ovpn. #<-- lokasi file *.ovpn<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Download the .ovpn file and import it in your OpenVPN client.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><br style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><p class="bold" style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Post-Install</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Sampai step ini <span class="italic" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic;">OpenVPN</span> sudah berhasil kita install di Centos 7 Kemudian kita dapat mengkopy file <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">/root/OpenVpnUser.ovpn</span> ke Desktop atau Device client lain.</p><br style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Untuk memastikan apakah service OpenVPN sudah berjalan di centos 7, dapat menggunakan perintah berikut.</p><p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">[admin@openvpn ~]# systemctl status openvpn-server@server</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">output</p><p class="script" style="background-color: #232323; box-sizing: border-box; color: #d2d2d2; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">openvpn-server@server.service - OpenVPN service for server<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/openvpn-server@.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-11-22 03:58:15 UTC; 3h 59min ago<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> Docs: man:openvpn(8)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/Openvpn24ManPage<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/HOWTO<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Main PID: 8694 (openvpn)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> Status: "Initialization Sequence Completed"<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> CGroup: /system.slice/system-openvpn\x2dserver.slice/openvpn-server@server.service<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> └─8694 /usr/sbin/openvpn --status /run/openvpn-server/status-server.log --status-version 2 --suppress-timestamps --config server.conf<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: UDPv4 link local (bound): [AF_INET][undef]:1194<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: UDPv4 link remote: [AF_UNSPEC]<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: GID set to nobody<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: UID set to nobody<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: MULTI: multi_init called, r=256 v=256<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: IFCONFIG POOL: base=10.8.0.2 size=252, ipv6=0<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: IFCONFIG POOL LIST<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 03:58:15 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: Initialization Sequence Completed<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 07:38:14 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: tls-crypt unwrap error: packet too short<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Nov 22 07:38:14 openvpn.nusa.id openvpn[8694]: TLS Error: tls-crypt unwrapping failed from [AF_INET]146.88.240.4:5550<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Jika Status sudah menunjukkan <span class="highlight" style="background-color: red; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 5px;">Active: active (running)</span> artinya service OpenVPN sudah berjalan dengan baik.</p><p class="bold" style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Informasi</p><p style="background-color: #222222; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Demikianlah tutorial bagaimana cara install OpenVPN di Centos 7. Berikut adalah informasi lanjut yang dapat di jadikan sebagai refrensi.</p>
<br />Number and reference : <div>https://www.nusa.id/cara-install-openvpn-di-centos-7</div>
<div>https://openvpn.net/</div>
<br>
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<br>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-75638222179210506482021-01-07T09:30:00.018+07:002021-01-08T23:24:13.460+07:00How install missing httpd apache module<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijCmKxJqVO-nkW7prHeeh8q9A4EwyGccZ15htXlOkdsci-AZszH7qXcyP7-a3IjZS4it6_tqBEzbWNQVdVD5lll4hQJmiDz8Xa8PM5cLgb5YaVDkex0DBQ4AtVojz39l80TZQFECVQe48/s814/2654292c710e288489db3a58cd852af0.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="814" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijCmKxJqVO-nkW7prHeeh8q9A4EwyGccZ15htXlOkdsci-AZszH7qXcyP7-a3IjZS4it6_tqBEzbWNQVdVD5lll4hQJmiDz8Xa8PM5cLgb5YaVDkex0DBQ4AtVojz39l80TZQFECVQe48/w640-h198/2654292c710e288489db3a58cd852af0.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p> For Example the missing module is <span style="background-color: white; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; orphans: 2; widows: 2;">mod_cloudflare.so, file_cache_module.so and mod_mem_cache.so </span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><span id="more-3393" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check for installed modules:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -M
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
mpm_prefork_module (static)
http_module (static)
so_module (static)
auth_basic_module (shared)
auth_digest_module (shared)
authn_file_module (shared)
authn_alias_module (shared)
authn_anon_module (shared)
authn_dbm_module (shared)
authn_default_module (shared)
authz_host_module (shared)
authz_user_module (shared)
authz_owner_module (shared)
authz_groupfile_module (shared)
authz_dbm_module (shared)
authz_default_module (shared)
ldap_module (shared)
authnz_ldap_module (shared)
include_module (shared)
log_config_module (shared)
logio_module (shared)
env_module (shared)
ext_filter_module (shared)
mime_magic_module (shared)
expires_module (shared)
deflate_module (shared)
headers_module (shared)
usertrack_module (shared)
setenvif_module (shared)
mime_module (shared)
dav_module (shared)
status_module (shared)
autoindex_module (shared)
info_module (shared)
dav_fs_module (shared)
vhost_alias_module (shared)
negotiation_module (shared)
dir_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
speling_module (shared)
userdir_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
substitute_module (shared)
rewrite_module (shared)
proxy_module (shared)
proxy_balancer_module (shared)
proxy_ftp_module (shared)
proxy_http_module (shared)
proxy_ajp_module (shared)
proxy_connect_module (shared)
cache_module (shared)
suexec_module (shared)
disk_cache_module (shared)
cgi_module (shared)
version_module (shared)
perl_module (shared)
php5_module (shared)
ssl_module (shared)
wsgi_module (shared)
Syntax OK
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">file_cache is not installed</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Install the required development packages:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># yum install httpd-devel gcc
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Get your current running Apache version :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -v
Server version: Apache/2.2.15 (Unix)
Server built: Jan 12 2017 17:09:39
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">or</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># rpm -qv httpd
httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Get the Apache source matching your running version from the archive download repository :</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><a href="http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #f16334; outline: rgb(226, 68, 16) dotted 1px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">(this example would require the following package : http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz)</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># cd /usr/local/src
# wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Untar:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># tar xvf httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Go to the module directory :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># cd httpd-2.2.15/modules/cache
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Build the module:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># apxs -i -a -c mod_file_cache.c
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The module has been compiled and added in httpd.conf.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Add mod_mem_cache:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">apxs -c -i mod_mem_cache.c cache_cache.c cache_pqueue.c cache_hash.c
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check your configuration:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># service httpd configtest
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">If no error output, then reload the configuration :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">service httpd reload
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check the installed modules:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -M
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
mpm_prefork_module (static)
http_module (static)
so_module (static)
auth_basic_module (shared)
auth_digest_module (shared)
authn_file_module (shared)
authn_alias_module (shared)
authn_anon_module (shared)
authn_dbm_module (shared)
authn_default_module (shared)
authz_host_module (shared)
authz_user_module (shared)
authz_owner_module (shared)
authz_groupfile_module (shared)
authz_dbm_module (shared)
authz_default_module (shared)
ldap_module (shared)
authnz_ldap_module (shared)
include_module (shared)
log_config_module (shared)
logio_module (shared)
env_module (shared)
ext_filter_module (shared)
mime_magic_module (shared)
expires_module (shared)
deflate_module (shared)
headers_module (shared)
usertrack_module (shared)
setenvif_module (shared)
mime_module (shared)
dav_module (shared)
status_module (shared)
autoindex_module (shared)
info_module (shared)
dav_fs_module (shared)
vhost_alias_module (shared)
negotiation_module (shared)
dir_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
speling_module (shared)
userdir_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
substitute_module (shared)
rewrite_module (shared)
proxy_module (shared)
proxy_balancer_module (shared)
proxy_ftp_module (shared)
proxy_http_module (shared)
proxy_ajp_module (shared)
proxy_connect_module (shared)
cache_module (shared)
suexec_module (shared)
disk_cache_module (shared)
cgi_module (shared)
version_module (shared)
file_cache_module (shared)
perl_module (shared)
php5_module (shared)
ssl_module (shared)
wsgi_module (shared)
Syntax OK
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">file_cache is installed but mem_cache is not seen. Check the apache configuration file – its disabled by default – enable it:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">#nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so
LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so
LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
LoadModule version_module modules/mod_version.so
#
# The following modules are not loaded by default:
#
#LoadModule asis_module modules/mod_asis.so
#LoadModule authn_dbd_module modules/mod_authn_dbd.so
#LoadModule cern_meta_module modules/mod_cern_meta.so
#LoadModule cgid_module modules/mod_cgid.so
#LoadModule dbd_module modules/mod_dbd.so
#LoadModule dumpio_module modules/mod_dumpio.so
#LoadModule filter_module modules/mod_filter.so
#LoadModule ident_module modules/mod_ident.so
#LoadModule log_forensic_module modules/mod_log_forensic.so
#LoadModule unique_id_module modules/mod_unique_id.so
LoadModule file_cache_module /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so
LoadModule mem_cache_module /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/mod_mem_cache.so
</pre><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># service httpd restart
</pre><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">httpd -M
mem_cache_module (shared)
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Cloudflare module installation:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># https://www.cloudflare.com/technical-resources/</pre>
<br />Source and reference :<div>https://www.geekdecoder.com/install-file_cache_module-centosrhel6/</div>
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<br>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-17534937967550377832021-01-06T09:00:00.004+07:002021-01-08T23:27:21.349+07:00Install VPN on centos 7 with RSA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3AtOY4HX1002Hv9zM2wkTSL5lgkuwvJ7ZjpRAyQJtnN5JLYh8Ot3e_uVRIGLtoNoLqdjEG_4gZXQF_jOEz_dQjKNNQLVHt3M24KjK5jUhVYiQjkL6OuShyphenhyphen4HGLkkfWILvNQ9ySai6Zes/s745/OpenVPN-Setup-on-Linux.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="745" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3AtOY4HX1002Hv9zM2wkTSL5lgkuwvJ7ZjpRAyQJtnN5JLYh8Ot3e_uVRIGLtoNoLqdjEG_4gZXQF_jOEz_dQjKNNQLVHt3M24KjK5jUhVYiQjkL6OuShyphenhyphen4HGLkkfWILvNQ9ySai6Zes/s320/OpenVPN-Setup-on-Linux.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><h2 id="prerequisites" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><br /></h2><h2 id="prerequisites" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Prerequisites</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">To follow this tutorial, you will need:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px auto 1.7rem; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.5rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">One CentOS 7 server with a sudo non-root user and a firewall set up with firewalld, which you can achieve with our <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/initial-server-setup-with-centos-7" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">Initial Server Setup with CentOS 7</a> guide and the <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/additional-recommended-steps-for-new-centos-7-servers" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">Additional Recommended Steps for New CentOS 7 Servers</a>.</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A domain or subdomain that resolves to your server that you can use for the certificates. To set this up, you will first need to <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-point-to-digitalocean-nameservers-from-common-domain-registrars" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">register a domain name</a> and then <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-a-host-name-with-digitalocean" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">add a DNS record via the DigitalOcean Control Panel</a>. Note that just adding an A record will meet the requirements of this tutorial.</p></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">A client machine which you will use to connect to your OpenVPN server. For the purposes of this tutorial, it’s recommend that you use your local machine as the OpenVPN client.</p></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">With these prerequisites in place, you are ready to begin setting up and configuring an OpenVPN server on CentOS 7.</p>
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<br /><h2 id="step-1-—-installing-openvpn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 1 — Installing OpenVPN</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">To start, we will install OpenVPN on the server. We’ll also install Easy RSA, a public key infrastructure management tool which will help us set up an internal certificate authority (CA) for use with our VPN. We’ll also use Easy RSA to generate our SSL key pairs later on to secure the VPN connections.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Log in to the server as the non-root sudo user, and update the package lists to make sure you have all the latest versions.</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> yum update -y
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">The Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) repository is an additional repository managed by the Fedora Project containing non-standard but popular packages. OpenVPN isn’t available in the default CentOS repositories but it is available in EPEL, so install EPEL:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> yum <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">install</span> epel-release -y
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Then update your package lists once more:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> yum update -y
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, install OpenVPN and <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">wget</code>, which we will use to install Easy RSA:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> yum <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">install</span> -y openvpn <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">wget</span>
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Using <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">wget</code>, download Easy RSA. For the purposes of this tutorial, we recommend using easy-rsa-2 because there’s more available documentation for this version. You can find the download link for the latest version of easy-rsa-2 on the project’s <a href="https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy-rsa-old/releases" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">Releases page</a>:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">wget</span> -O /tmp/easyrsa https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy-rsa-old/archive/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">2.3.3</span>.tar.gz
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, extract the compressed file with <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">tar</code>:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">tar</span> xfz /tmp/easyrsa
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">This will create a new directory on your server called <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">easy-rsa-old-<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">2.3.3</span></code>. Make a new subdirectory under <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">/etc/openvpn</code> and name it <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">easy-rsa</code>:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">mkdir</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Copy the extracted Easy RSA files over to the new directory:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cp</span> -rf easy-rsa-old-<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">2.3.3</span>/easy-rsa/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">2.0</span>/* /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Then change the directory’s owner to your non-root sudo user:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">chown</span> <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">sammy</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Once these programs are installed and have been moved to the right locations on your system, the next step is to customize the server-side configuration of OpenVPN.</p><h2 id="step-2-—-configuring-openvpn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 2 — Configuring OpenVPN</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Like many other widely-used open-source tools, there are dozens of configuration options available to you. In this section, we will provide instructions on how to set up a basic OpenVPN server configuration.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">OpenVPN has several example configuration files in its documentation directory. First, copy the sample <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server.conf</code> file as a starting point for your own configuration file.</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cp</span> /usr/share/doc/openvpn-<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">2.4.4</span>/sample/sample-config-files/server.conf /etc/openvpn
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Open the new file for editing with the text editor of your choice. We’ll use nano in our example, which you can download with the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">yum install nano</code> command if you don’t have it on your server already:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">nano</span> /etc/openvpn/server.conf
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">There are a few lines we need to change in this file, most of which just need to be uncommented by removing the semicolon, <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">;</code>, at the beginning of the line. The functions of these lines, and the other lines not mentioned in this tutorial, are explained in-depth in the comments above each one.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">To get started, find and uncomment the line containing <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"</code>. Doing this will tell your client to redirect all of its traffic through your OpenVPN server. Be aware that enabling this functionality can cause connectivity issues with other network services, like SSH:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">push <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"</span></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Because your client will not be able to use the default DNS servers provided by your ISP (as its traffic will be rerouted), you need to tell it which DNS servers it can use to connect to OpenVPN. You can pick different DNS servers, but here we’ll use Google’s public DNS servers which have the IPs of <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">8.8.8.8</code> and <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">8.8.4.4</code>.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Set this by uncommenting both <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">push "dhcp-option DNS ..."</code> lines and updating the IP addresses:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">push <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"dhcp-option DNS <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">8.8.8.8</span>"</span>
push <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"dhcp-option DNS <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">8.8.4.4</span>"</span></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">We want OpenVPN to run with no privileges once it has started, so we need to tell it to run with a user and group of <span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">nobody</span>. To enable this, uncomment the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">user nobody</code> and <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">group nobody</code> lines:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">user nobody
group nobody</code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, uncomment the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">topology subnet</code> line. This, along with the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0</code> line below it, configures your OpenVPN installation to function as a subnetwork and tells the client machine which IP address it should use. In this case, the server will become <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">10.8.0.1</code> and the first client will become <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">10.8.0.2</code>:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">topology subnet</code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">It’s also recommended that you add the following line to your server configuration file. This double checks that any incoming client certificates are truly coming from a client, hardening the security parameters we will establish in later steps:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">remote-cert-eku <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"TLS Web Client Authentication"</span></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Lastly, OpenVPN strongly recommends that users enable TLS Authentication, a cryptographic protocol that ensures secure communications over a computer network. To do this, you will need to generate a static encryption key (named in our example as <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">myvpn</span>.tlsauth</code>, although you can choose any name you like). Before creating this key, comment the line in the configuration file containing <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">tls-auth ta.key 0</code> by prepending it with a semicolon. Then, add <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">tls-crypt <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">myvpn</span>.tlsauth</code> to the line below it:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/server.conf">/etc/openvpn/server.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token punctuation" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">;</span></span>tls-auth ta.key <span class="token number" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #225196; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">0</span>
tls-crypt <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">myvpn</span>.tlsauth</code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Save and exit the OpenVPN server configuration file (in nano, press <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">CTRL - X</code>, <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">Y</code>, then <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ENTER</code> to do so), and then generate the static encryption key with the following command:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">myvpn</span>.tlsauth
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Now that your server is configured, you can move on to setting up the SSL keys and certificates needed to securely connect to your VPN connection.</p>
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<h2 id="step-3-—-generating-keys-and-certificates" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 3 — Generating Keys and Certificates</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Easy RSA uses a set of scripts that come installed with the program to generate keys and certificates. In order to avoid re-configuring every time you need to generate a certificate, you can modify Easy RSA’s configuration to define the default values it will use for the certificate fields, including your country, city, and preferred email address.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">We’ll begin our process of generating keys and certificates by creating a directory where Easy RSA will store any keys and certs you generate:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">mkdir</span> <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys</span>
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">The default certificate variables are set in the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">vars</code> file in <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa</code>, so open that file for editing:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">nano</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Scroll to the bottom of the file and change the values that start with <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">export KEY_</code> to match your information. The ones that matter the most are:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px auto 1.7rem; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.5rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_CN</code>: Here, enter the domain or subdomain that resolves to your server.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_NAME</code>: You should enter <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server</code> here. If you enter something else, you would also have to update the configuration files that reference <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server.key</code> and <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server.crt</code>.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">The other variables in this file that you may want to change are:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px auto 1.7rem; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.5rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_COUNTRY</code>: For this variable, enter the two-letter abbreviation of the country of your residence.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_PROVINCE</code>: This should be the name or abbreviation of the state of your residence.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_CITY</code>: Here, enter the name of the city you live in.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_ORG</code>: This should be the name of your organization or company.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_EMAIL</code>: Enter the email address that you want to be connected to the security certificate.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;"><code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">KEY_OU</code>: This should be the name of the “Organizational Unit” to which you belong, typically either the name of your department or team.</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">The rest of the variables can be safely ignored outside of specific use cases. After you’ve made your changes, the file should look like this:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars">/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span> <span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span> <span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span>
<span class="token comment" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #808591; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"># These are the default values for fields</span>
<span class="token comment" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #808591; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"># which will be placed in the certificate.</span>
<span class="token comment" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #808591; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"># Don't leave any of these fields blank.</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_COUNTRY</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">US</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_PROVINCE</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">NY</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_CITY</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">New York</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_ORG</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">DigitalOcean</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_EMAIL</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">sammy@example.com</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_EMAIL</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">sammy@example.com</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_CN</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">openvpn.example.com</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_NAME</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">server</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">KEY_OU</span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">Community</span>"</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span> <span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span> <span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">.</span></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Save and close the file.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">To start generating the keys and certificates, move into the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">easy-rsa</code> directory and <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">source</code> in the new variables you set in the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">vars</code> file:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cd</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa
</li><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">source</span> ./vars
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Run Easy RSA’s <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">clean-all</code> script to remove any keys and certificates already in the folder and generate the certificate authority:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;">./clean-all
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, build the certificate authority with the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">build-ca</code> script. You’ll be prompted to enter values for the certificate fields, but if you set the variables in the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">vars</code> file earlier, all of your options will already be set as the defaults. You can press <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ENTER</code> to accept the defaults for each one:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;">./build-ca
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">This script generates a file called <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ca.key</code>. This is the private key used to sign your server and clients’ certificates. If it is lost, you can no longer trust any certificates from this certificate authority, and if anyone is able to access this file they can sign new certificates and access your VPN without your knowledge. For this reason, OpenVPN recommends storing <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ca.key</code> in a location that can be offline as much as possible, and it should only be activated when creating new certificates.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, create a key and certificate for the server using the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">build-key-server</code> script:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;">./build-key-server server
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">As with building the CA, you’ll see the values you’ve set as the defaults so you can hit <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ENTER</code> at these prompts. Additionally, you’ll be prompted to enter a challenge password and an optional company name. If you enter a challenge password, you will be asked for it when connecting to the VPN from your client. If you don’t want to set a challenge password, just leave this line blank and press <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">ENTER</code>. At the end, enter <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">Y</code> to commit the changes.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">The last part of creating the server keys and certificates is generating a Diffie-Hellman key exchange file. Use the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">build-dh</code> script to do this:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;">./build-dh
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">This may take a few minutes to complete.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Once your server is finished generating the key exchange file, copy the server keys and certificates from the<code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">keys</code> directory into the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">openvpn</code> directory:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cd</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys
</li><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cp</span> dh2048.pem ca.crt server.crt server.key /etc/openvpn
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Each client will also need a certificate in order for the OpenVPN server to authenticate it. These keys and certificates will be created on the server and then you will have to copy them over to your clients, which we will do in a later step. It’s advised that you generate separate keys and certificates for each client you intend to connect to your VPN.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Because we’ll only set up one client here, we called it <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">client</code>, but you can change this to a more descriptive name if you’d like:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cd</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa
</li><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;">./build-key <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span>
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Finally, copy the versioned OpenSSL configuration file, <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">openssl-1.0.0.cnf</code>, to a versionless name, <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">openssl.cnf</code>. Failing to do so could result in an error where OpenSSL is unable to load the configuration because it cannot detect its version:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">cp</span> /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/openssl-1.0.0.cnf /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/openssl.cnf
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Now that all the necessary keys and certificates have been generated for your server and client, you can move on to setting up routing between the two machines.</p><h2 id="step-4-—-routing" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 4 — Routing</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">So far, you’ve installed OpenVPN on your server, configured it, and generated the keys and certificates needed for your client to access the VPN. However, you have not yet provided OpenVPN with any instructions on where to send incoming web traffic from clients. You can stipulate how the server should handle client traffic by establishing some firewall rules and routing configurations.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Assuming you followed the prerequisites at the start of this tutorial, you should already have firewalld installed and running on your server. To allow OpenVPN through the firewall, you’ll need to know what your active firewalld zone is. Find this with the following command:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><pre class="code-pre" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1rem auto; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-shadow: none; widows: 2; width: 745px; word-break: normal;"><code style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><div class="secondary-code-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); margin-bottom: 4px;" title="Output">Output</div>trusted
Interfaces: tun0
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, add the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">openvpn</code> service to the list of services allowed by firewalld within your active zone, and then make that setting permanent by running the command again but with the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">--permanent</code> option added:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --zone<span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span>trusted --add-service openvpn
</li><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --zone<span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span>trusted --add-service openvpn --permanent
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">You can check that the service was added correctly with the following command:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --list-services --zone<span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span>trusted
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><pre class="code-pre" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1rem auto; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-shadow: none; widows: 2; width: 745px; word-break: normal;"><code style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><div class="secondary-code-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); margin-bottom: 4px;" title="Output">Output</div>openvpn
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, add a masquerade to the current runtime instance, and then add it again with the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">--permanent</code> option to add the masquerade to all future instances:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --add-masquerade
</li><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --permanent --add-masquerade
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">You can check that the masquerade was added correctly with this command:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --query-masquerade
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><pre class="code-pre" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1rem auto; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-shadow: none; widows: 2; width: 745px; word-break: normal;"><code style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><div class="secondary-code-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); margin-bottom: 4px;" title="Output">Output</div>yes
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, forward routing to your OpenVPN subnet. You can do this by first creating a variable (<code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">SHARK</span></code> in our example) which will represent the primary network interface used by your server, and then using that variable to permanently add the routing rule:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token assign-left variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">SHARK</span></span><span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span><span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">$(</span><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">ip</span> route get <span class="token number" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #225196; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">8.8</span>.8.8 <span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">|</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">awk</span> <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">'NR==1 {print <span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"><span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">$(</span>NF-2<span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">)</span></span>}'</span><span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">)</span></span>
</li><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --permanent --direct --passthrough ipv4 -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s <span class="token number" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #225196; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">10.8</span>.0.0/24 -o <span class="token variable" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #08966b; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">$<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">SHARK</span></span> -j MASQUERADE
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Be sure to implement these changes to your firewall rules by reloading firewalld:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> firewall-cmd --reload
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, enable IP forwarding. This will route all web traffic from your client to your server’s IP address, and your client’s public IP address will effectively be hidden.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Open <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">sysctl.conf</code> for editing:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">nano</span> /etc/sysctl.conf
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Then add the following line at the top of the file:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="/etc/sysctl.conf">/etc/sysctl.conf</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">net.ipv4.ip_forward <span class="token operator" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666a71; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">=</span> <span class="token number" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #225196; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">1</span></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Finally, restart the network service so the IP forwarding will take effect:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> systemctl restart network.service
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">With the routing and firewall rules in place, we can start the OpenVPN service on the server.</p>
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<h2 id="step-5-—-starting-openvpn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 5 — Starting OpenVPN</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">OpenVPN is managed as a systemd service using <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">systemctl</code>. We will configure OpenVPN to start up at boot so you can connect to your VPN at any time as long as your server is running. To do this, enable the OpenVPN server by adding it to <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">systemctl</code>:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> systemctl -f <span class="token builtin class-name" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">enable</span> openvpn@server.service
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Then start the OpenVPN service:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> systemctl start openvpn@server.service
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Double check that the OpenVPN service is active with the following command. You should see <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">active (running)</code> in the output:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed language-bash" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #e0276a; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> systemctl status openvpn@server.service
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><pre class="code-pre" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1rem auto; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-shadow: none; widows: 2; width: 745px; word-break: normal;"><code style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><div class="secondary-code-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); margin-bottom: 4px;" title="Output">Output</div>● openvpn@server.service - OpenVPN Robust And Highly Flexible Tunneling Application On server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/openvpn@.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: **active (running)** since Wed 2018-03-14 15:20:11 EDT; 7s ago
Main PID: 2824 (openvpn)
Status: "Initialization Sequence Completed"
CGroup: /system.slice/system-openvpn.slice/openvpn@server.service
└─2824 /usr/sbin/openvpn --cd /etc/openvpn/ --config server.conf
. . .
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">We’ve now completed the server-side configuration for OpenVPN. Next, you will configure your client machine and connect to the OpenVPN server.</p><h2 id="step-6-—-configuring-a-client" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 30px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Step 6 — Configuring a Client</h2><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Regardless of your client machine’s operating system, it will need a locally-saved copy of the CA certificate and the client key and certificate generated in Step 3, as well as the static encryption key you generated at the end of Step 2.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Locate the following files <span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">on your server</span>. If you generated multiple client keys with unique, descriptive names, then the key and certificate names will be different. In this article we used <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span></code>.</p><pre class="code-pre" style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 1rem auto; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-shadow: none; widows: 2; width: 745px; word-break: normal;"><code style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ca.crt
/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span>.crt
/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span>.key
/etc/openvpn/<span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">myvpn</span>.tlsauth
</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Copy these files to your <span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">client machine</span>. You can use <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-sftp-to-securely-transfer-files-with-a-remote-server" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">SFTP</a> or your preferred method. You could even just open the files in your text editor and copy and paste the contents into new files on your client machine. Regardless of which method you use, be sure to note where you save these files.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Next, create a file called <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">client.ovpn</code> <span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">on your client machine</span>. This is a configuration file for an OpenVPN client, telling it how to connect to the server:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed local-environment language-bash" style="background-color: #141b2e; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8f8f2; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> <span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">nano</span> client.ovpn
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Then add the following lines to <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">client.ovpn</code>. Notice that many of these lines reflect those which we uncommented or added to the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">server.conf</code> file, or were already in it by default:</p><div class="code-label" style="background-color: #e5e5e5; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; padding: 8px 15px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px; z-index: 2;" title="client.ovpn">client.ovpn</div><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre local-environment language-bash" style="background-color: #141b2e; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8f8f2; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span>
tls-client
ca <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">/path/to/</span>ca.crt
cert <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">/path/to/client</span>.crt
key <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">/path/to/client</span>.key
tls-crypt <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">/path/to/myvpn.</span>tlsauth
remote-cert-eku <span class="token string" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #29e3ab; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">"TLS Web Client Authentication"</span>
proto udp
remote <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">your_server_ip</span> <span class="token number" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00c6ff; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">1194</span> udp
dev tun
topology subnet
pull
user nobody
group nobody</code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">When adding these lines, please note the following:</p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px auto 1.7rem; orphans: 2; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2.5rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;">You’ll need to change the first line to reflect the name you gave the client in your key and certificate; in our case, this is just <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">client</span></code></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;">You also need to update the IP address from <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">your_server_ip</span></code> to the IP address of your server; port <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">1194</code> can stay the same</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.8rem; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px;">Make sure the paths to your key and certificate files are correct</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">This file can now be used by any OpenVPN client to connect to your server. Below are OS-specific instructions for how to connect your client:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">Windows:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">On Windows, you will need the official <a href="http://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/downloads.html" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">OpenVPN Community Edition binaries</a> which come with a GUI. Place your <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">.ovpn</code> configuration file into the proper directory, <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config</code>, and click <span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">Connect</span> in the GUI. OpenVPN GUI on Windows must be executed with administrative privileges.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">macOS:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">On macOS, the open source application <a href="https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">Tunnelblick</a> provides an interface similar to the OpenVPN GUI on Windows, and comes with OpenVPN and the required TUN/TAP drivers. As with Windows, the only step required is to place your <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">.ovpn</code> configuration file into the <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">~/Library/Application Support/Tunnelblick/Configurations</code> directory. Alternatively, you can double-click on your <code style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #545454; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 0.9375em; line-height: 22px; padding: 3px; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;">.ovpn</code> file.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><span face="Sailec-Bold, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">Linux:</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">On Linux, you should install OpenVPN from your distribution’s official repositories. You can then invoke OpenVPN by executing:</p><div class="code-toolbar" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;"><div class="context" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><pre class="code-pre command prefixed local-environment language-bash" style="background-color: #141b2e; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f8f8f2; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow: auto; padding: 1rem; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><code class="code-highlight language-bash" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; font-family: Consolas, Monaco, "Andale Mono", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: normal; padding: 0px; tab-size: 4; text-shadow: none; white-space: pre; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><ul class="prefixed" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;"></span><li class="line" data-prefix="$" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px 0px 0px -5px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"><span class="token function" style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff4084; display: inline; font-size: 13.6px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none;">sudo</span> openvpn --config <span class="highlight" color="inherit" style="background-color: rgba(242, 201, 76, 0.35); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 1px 0px; padding: 0px 2px;">~/path/to/client.ovpn</span>
</li></ul></code></pre><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"> </span></div><div class="toolbar" style="box-sizing: border-box; opacity: 0; position: absolute; right: 0.2em; top: 0.3em; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="toolbar-item" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><button style="background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0.5em; border-bottom-right-radius: 0.5em; border-top-left-radius: 0.5em; border-top-right-radius: 0.5em; border: 0px; box-shadow: none; color: #0069ff; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8em; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0.5em; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;">Copy</button></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">After you establish a successful client connection, you can verify that your traffic is being routed through the VPN by <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=what%20is%20my%20ip" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">checking Google to reveal your public IP</a>.</p><h3 id="conclusion" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #323232; font-family: Sailec-Medium, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin: 20px auto 10px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">Conclusion</h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">You should now have a fully operational virtual private network running on your OpenVPN server. You can browse the web and download content without worrying about malicious actors tracking your activity.</p><p><a data-unique="step-1-—-installing-openvpn" name="step-1-—-installing-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-1-—-installing-openvpn" name="step-1-—-installing-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-2-—-configuring-openvpn" name="step-2-—-configuring-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-2-—-configuring-openvpn" name="step-2-—-configuring-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-3-—-generating-keys-and-certificates" name="step-3-—-generating-keys-and-certificates" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-3-—-generating-keys-and-certificates" name="step-3-—-generating-keys-and-certificates" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-4-—-routing" name="step-4-—-routing" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-4-—-routing" name="step-4-—-routing" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-5-—-starting-openvpn" name="step-5-—-starting-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-5-—-starting-openvpn" name="step-5-—-starting-openvpn" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-6-—-configuring-a-client" name="step-6-—-configuring-a-client" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a><a data-unique="step-6-—-configuring-a-client" name="step-6-—-configuring-a-client" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; orphans: 2; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s; widows: 2; width: 745px;"></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Sailec-Regular, system-ui, -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px auto 22px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 745px;">There are several steps you could take to customize your OpenVPN installation even further, such as configuring your client to connect to the VPN automatically or configuring client-specific rules and access policies. For these and other OpenVPN customizations, you should consult <a href="https://openvpn.net/index.php/open-source/documentation.html" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">the official OpenVPN documentation</a>. If you’re interested in other ways you can protect yourself and your machines on the internet, check out our article on <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/7-security-measures-to-protect-your-servers" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration: none; transition: border-bottom-color 0.25s ease 0s;">7 Security Measures to Protect Your Servers</a>.</p><p>Source and Reference :</p><p>https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-and-configure-an-openvpn-server-on-centos-7</p><p>https://www.tecmint.com/install-openvpn-in-centos/</p>
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<br />ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-79795724358835307872021-01-04T09:00:00.001+07:002021-01-08T23:29:25.803+07:00Remote Desktop Connection centos 7 using xRDP<p> </p><div class="post-header-inner" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7b7b7b; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 13px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><div class="post-header-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><h1 class="single-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 13px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Xrdp_logo.svg/1200px-Xrdp_logo.svg.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="800" height="392" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Xrdp_logo.svg/1200px-Xrdp_logo.svg.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span class="post-title" itemprop="headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></span></h1><h1 class="single-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2d2d2d; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 13px;"><span class="post-title" itemprop="headline" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Install xrdp on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7</span></h1></div></div><div class="entry-content clearfix single-post-content" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; height: auto; line-height: 1.6; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/tag/xrdp" rel="noopener" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">xrdp</a></span> is an Open Source Remote desktop Protocol server, which allows you to RDP to your Linux server from Windows machine; it is capable of accepting connections from rdesktop, freerdp, and remote desktop clients.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">This post will help you to setup xrdp server on <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/tag/centos-7" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">CentOS 7 / RHEL 7</a></span>.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif"; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: inherit;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Prerequisites" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Prerequisites</span><span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">1. First, <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/how-tos/linux/centos-how-tos/install-gnome-gui-on-centos-7-rhel-7.html" rel="noopener" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;" title="Install Gnome GUI on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7">install Gnome GUI on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7</a></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">2. xrdp is available in EPEL repository, so <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/how-tos/linux/centos-how-tos/enable-epel-repository-for-centos-7-rhel-7.html" rel="noopener" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">Install and configure EPEL repository</a></span>.</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif"; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: inherit;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Install_xrdp_on_CentOS_7" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Install xrdp on CentOS 7<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span><span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Use <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/how-tos/linux/centos-how-tos/linux-basics-30-yum-command-examples-for-linux-package-manager.html" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;">YUM command</a></span> to install xrdp package on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7.</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">yum -y install xrdp tigervnc-server</pre>
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<p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">Output:</span></p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.excellmedia.net
* epel: del-mirrors.extreme-ix.org
* extras: centos.excellmedia.net
* updates: centos.excellmedia.net
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tigervnc-server.x86_64 0:1.8.0-2.el7_4 will be installed
---> Package xrdp.x86_64 1:0.9.5-1.el7 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: xorgxrdp for package: 1:xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package xorgxrdp.x86_64 0:0.2.5-3.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Installing:
tigervnc-server x86_64 1.8.0-2.el7_4 updates 213 k
xrdp x86_64 1:0.9.5-1.el7 epel 413 k
Installing for dependencies:
xorgxrdp x86_64 0.2.5-3.el7 epel 61 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 2 Packages (+1 Dependent package)
Total download size: 688 k
Installed size: 2.7 M
Downloading packages:
warning: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/epel/packages/xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 352c64e5: NOKEY
Public key for xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64.rpm is not installed
(1/3): xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64.rpm | 413 kB 00:00:01
(2/3): tigervnc-server-1.8.0-2.el7_4.x86_64.rpm | 213 kB 00:00:01
(3/3): xorgxrdp-0.2.5-3.el7.x86_64.rpm | 61 kB 00:00:01
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 409 kB/s | 688 kB 00:00:01
Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
Importing GPG key 0x352C64E5:
Userid : "Fedora EPEL (7) <epel@fedoraproject.org>"
Fingerprint: 91e9 7d7c 4a5e 96f1 7f3e 888f 6a2f aea2 352c 64e5
Package : epel-release-7-11.noarch (installed)
From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : xorgxrdp-0.2.5-3.el7.x86_64 1/3
Installing : 1:xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64 2/3
Installing : tigervnc-server-1.8.0-2.el7_4.x86_64 3/3
Verifying : xorgxrdp-0.2.5-3.el7.x86_64 1/3
Verifying : tigervnc-server-1.8.0-2.el7_4.x86_64 2/3
Verifying : 1:xrdp-0.9.5-1.el7.x86_64 3/3
Installed:
tigervnc-server.x86_64 0:1.8.0-2.el7_4 xrdp.x86_64 1:0.9.5-1.el7
Dependency Installed:
xorgxrdp.x86_64 0:0.2.5-3.el7
Complete!
</epel@fedoraproject.org></pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Once xrdp is installed, start the xrdp service using the following command.</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">systemctl start xrdp</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">xrdp should now be listening on 3389. You can confirm this by using <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14.4px; padding: 4px 6px;">netstat</code> command.</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">netstat -antup | grep xrdp</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">Output:</span></p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3389 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1508/xrdp
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:3350 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1507/xrdp-sesman</pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;">READ</span>: <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 800;"><a href="https://www.itzgeek.com/how-tos/mini-howtos/netstat-command-not-found-on-centos-7-rhel-7-quick-fix.html" rel="noopener" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(83, 85, 86); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ce0400; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.4s ease 0s;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">netstat command not found on CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 – Quick Fix</span></span></a></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">By default, xrdp service won’t start automatically after a system reboot. Run the following command in the terminal to enable the service at system startup.</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">systemctl enable xrdp</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif"; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: inherit;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Firewall" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Firewall</span><span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Configure the firewall to allow RDP connection from external machines. The following command will add the exception for RDP port (3389).</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=3389/tcp
firewall-cmd --reload</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif"; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: inherit;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="SELinux" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">SELinux</span><span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "IBM Plex Sans"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 17px;">Configure SELinux</p><pre style="background-color: #444341; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; color: white; float: none; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 20px; width: auto; word-break: break-all;">chcon --type=bin_t /usr/sbin/xrdp
chcon --type=bin_t /usr/sbin/xrdp-sesman</pre><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif"; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: underline; text-transform: inherit;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Test_xrdp_Remote_Connectivity" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Test xrdp Remote Connectivity</span></h2>
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</script>
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<div><h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 37px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">Connect to Your Machine Using Remote Desktop Connection<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">With xRDP and your desktop environment installed, you can now connect from your local machine to the remote machine.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">How you do this depends on your operating system.</p><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Connect_from_Windows" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>Connect from Windows<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">To connect to your server from Microsoft Windows, just search and launch the Remote Desktop Connection application and input your hostname or IP:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><img alt="input_hostname_or_ip_in_remote_desktop_connection" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-595" data-attachment-id="595" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Input your IP or Hostname in Remote Desktop Connection" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1.png" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1-300x205.png" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1.png" data-orig-size="462,315" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/ubuntu-18-xrdp/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1/" height="317" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1.png" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1.png 550w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1-300x205.png 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_1-150x150.png 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">If this is your first time connecting, then you’ll receive some security warnings. Assuming this is your server and it is secure then just go ahead and confirm them.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><img alt="confirm_security_warning" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-596" data-attachment-id="596" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Confirm Security Warning" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2.png" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2-300x173.png" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2.png" data-orig-size="550,317" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/ubuntu-18-xrdp/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2/" height="317" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2.png" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2.png 550w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2-300x173.png 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_2-150x150.png 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><img alt="confirm_security_warning" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-597" data-attachment-id="597" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Confirm Security Warning" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3.png" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3-300x192.png" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3.png" data-orig-size="464,297" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/ubuntu-18-xrdp/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3/" height="317" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3.png" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3.png 550w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3-300x192.png 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/connect_ubuntu_remote_desktop_xrdp_3-150x150.png 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="550" /></p><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Connect_from_Linux" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>Connect from Linux<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">To connect from a Linux machine, a great option for using remote desktop connection is <a href="https://remmina.org/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Remmina</a>. Remmina is a wonderful free and open-source remote desktop client that supports Remote Desktop Protocol, VNC, NX, XDMCP, SPICE and SSH protocols.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><a href="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img alt="linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1301" data-attachment-id="1301" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Linux to Linux RDP via Remmina" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection-1024x541.png" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection-300x158.png" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection.png" data-orig-size="1920,1014" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/install-xrdp-centos/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection/" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection.png" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection.png 550w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection-300x158.png 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/linux_to_linux_remote_desktop_connection-150x150.png 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">To use Remmina to connect from Linux to your remote machine, just run Remmina after installing it, click the `+` in the top left corner and fill in your remote machine’s <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">IP/Hostname</code>, <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">Username</code> and <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">Password</code>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">If you’re running Debian/Ubuntu/CentOS/Fedora locally, you can install Remmina using the following commands:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Debian/Ubuntu</strong></p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo apt-get install remmina remmina-plugin-*</code></pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">CentOS/RHEL</strong></p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ yum install remmina remmina-plugins-*</code></pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Fedora 22</strong></p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo dnf copr enable hubbitus/remmina-next
$ sudo dnf upgrade --refresh 'remmina*' 'freerdp*'</code></pre><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">You'll notice we are also installing `remmina-plugins-*` because our main interest is installing the Remmina RDP plugin, as it may not be installed by default.You can find more detailed installation instructions, and instructions for other distros on their website, here <a href="https://remmina.org/how-to-install-remmina/" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">How to install Remmina - Remmina</a>.</p><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="Connect_from_OSX" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>Connect from OSX<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">To connect from your Mac, you'll first have to download the <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/microsoft-remote-desktop-10/id1295203466" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Microsoft Remote Desktop App from the App Store</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">After launching the app for the first time, you'll first want to create a new connection. To do this click on the `+` in the top left corner of the app window.The essential information you need here is for <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PC Name</strong>, <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">User name</strong> and <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Password</strong>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">Just fill in the info for the 3 mentioned fields as follows:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">PC Name - </strong>The IP or Host name of your remote machine. Most likely you'll want to use your IP.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">User name - </strong>The username you used when installing xRDP and the desktop environment on your remote machine. Either `root` or your `sudo user`.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Password - </strong>Your CentOS user's login password.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">After which the connection should be saved and you should be able to start the connection to the remote machine.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;">For additional info and support, you can read the instructions for Remote Desktop on Mac on <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/remote/remote-desktop-services/clients/remote-desktop-mac" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Microsoft's Website</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><span style="font-family: Nunito; font-size: x-large;"><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)" style="letter-spacing: -0.02em;">Inchase you </span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)" style="caret-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: -0.6399999856948853px;">don't</span><span color="rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)" style="letter-spacing: -0.02em;"> have Desktop Environment</span></span></p></div></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Just Install Your Preferred Desktop Environment</h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Now we can install the desktop environment we’ll be using. In this guide we’ll try out XFCE, MATE, and GNOME.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">If you’re looking for a lightweight and resource friendly solution, install XFCE.</p><blockquote class="note" style="background-color: #fffde7; border-left-color: rgb(255, 241, 118); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 20px; orphans: 2; padding: 10px 20px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"><small style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4e342e; display: block; font-size: 14.4px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.42857;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">NOTE: </strong>If you can’t connect via Remote Desktop Connection after you’ve installed the desktop environment, then open port <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">3389/tcp</code> using the <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">firewall-cmd</code> command mentioned above.</small></p></blockquote><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; widows: 2;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="1_Install_XFCE_Desktop_Environment" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>1. Install XFCE Desktop Environment<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">XFCE is one of the most lightweight desktop environments. It’s fast, low on system resources, while still visually appealing. Additionally, it has a very active community, so there are many customization options available.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To install XFCE, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum install -y epel-release
$ sudo yum groupinstall -y "Xfce"
$ sudo reboot</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Next, create the <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">.Xclients</code> file in the directory of the user you’re connecting with:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ echo "xfce4-session" > ~/.Xclients
$ chmod a+x ~/.Xclients</code></pre><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; height: auto; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 825px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5555809690233979" data-ad-format="auto" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto;"><ins aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_3_expand" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 825px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"><ins id="aswift_3_anchor" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 825px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" data-google-container-id="a!3" data-google-query-id="CLWVlLyl-u0CFf81rQYdu-kP2Q" data-load-complete="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_3" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_3" sandbox="allow-forms allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" scrolling="no" src="https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?guci=2.2.0.0.2.2.0.0&client=ca-pub-5555809690233979&output=html&h=280&adk=2959950297&adf=4022471161&pi=t.aa~a.2762933228~i.21~rp.4&w=825&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1609488922&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=3696675500&tp=site_kit&psa=1&ad_type=text_image&format=825x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdraculaservers.com%2Ftutorials%2Finstall-xrdp-centos%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=200&rw=825&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&adsid=ChEIgK27_wUQ5o2dyfXgw6j-ARJMACJxRoMyx60POn1htfLXIoVJEBf8ElLFYQsVH7NXX4QNLhlSjTukUqT1KcYIxhIBiy8oM7a2GPH3WkUUCvkYSI8F9tkW9YG0q7dy1g&uach=WyJNYWMgT1MgWCIsIjExXzFfMCIsIng4NiIsIiIsIjg3LjAuNDI4MC44OCIsW11d&dt=1609488706852&bpp=1&bdt=1403&idt=1&shv=r20201203&cbv=r20190131&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D97fd674c7bf297a5-22a3d82d66c50034%3AT%3D1609487583%3ART%3D1609487583%3AS%3DALNI_MYkaF9qUX5tb8nmQ5OWAr7cIUi_9w&prev_fmts=0x0%2C825x280%2C825x280&nras=4&correlator=962068030366&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=943864223.1609487576&ga_sid=1609488706&ga_hid=2092607433&ga_fc=0&u_tz=420&u_his=3&u_java=0&u_h=1050&u_w=1680&u_ah=940&u_aw=1680&u_cd=30&u_nplug=3&u_nmime=4&adx=45&ady=3423&biw=1200&bih=817&scr_x=0&scr_y=157&eid=42530672%2C21067981%2C21068769&oid=3&psts=AGkb-H_MWWnyHUrI9RxaiWCjeu1Q-QzTybxTSbfvF8316er7Cz_p_I9K0rtJt5NXaNo%2CAGkb-H9FP1opFUol3SGxyHP1Ji2nomklgxchwnKUwf_9W3Ajk91jssb6XoiQB7V-98Y&pvsid=3203177981466281&pem=997&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&rx=0&eae=0&fc=1408&brdim=22%2C47%2C22%2C47%2C1680%2C25%2C1200%2C896%2C1200%2C817&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=8320&bc=31&jar=2021-01-01-08&ifi=3&uci=a!3&btvi=3&fsb=1&xpc=jqjyvi0qNy&p=https%3A//draculaservers.com&dtd=M" style="border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 280px; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 825px;" vspace="0" width="825"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Now you can connect to the server using Remote Desktop Connection.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Here is what XFCE looks like:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><a href="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce.png" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img alt="XFCE" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1292" data-attachment-id="1292" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce-1024x576.png" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce-300x169.png" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce.png" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/install-xrdp-centos/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce/" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce.png" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce.png 1024w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce-768x432.png 768w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce-300x169.png 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_xfce-150x150.png 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Uninstalling XFCE</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To uninstall XFCE from your CentOS 7 machine, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum groupremove -y "Xfce"
$ sudo yum remove -y libxfce4*</code></pre><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; widows: 2;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="2_Install_MATE_Desktop_Environment" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>2. Install MATE Desktop Environment<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To install MATE, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum install -y epel-release
$ sudo yum groupinstall -y "MATE Desktop"
$ sudo reboot</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Next, create the <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">.Xclients</code> file in the directory of the user you’re connecting with:</p><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-variant-ligatures: normal; height: auto; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; width: 825px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5555809690233979" data-ad-format="auto" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto;"><ins aria-label="Advertisement" id="aswift_4_expand" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 280px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 825px;" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement"></ins></ins></div><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ echo "mate-session" > ~/.Xclients
$ chmod a+x ~/.Xclients</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Now you can connect to the server using Remote Desktop Connection.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Here is what MATE looks like:</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><a href="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img alt="MATE" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1293" data-attachment-id="1293" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate-1024x576.jpg" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate-300x169.jpg" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate.jpg" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/install-xrdp-centos/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate/" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate.jpg" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate.jpg 1024w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate-768x432.jpg 768w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate-300x169.jpg 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_mate-150x150.jpg 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Uninstalling MATE</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To uninstall MATE from your CentOS 7 machine, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum groupremove -y "MATE Desktop"
$ sudo yum autoremove -y</code></pre><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); font-family: Nunito; font-size: 32px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-top: 3rem; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; widows: 2;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="3_Install_GNOME_Desktop_Evironment" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span>3. Install GNOME Desktop Evironment<span class="ez-toc-section-end" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">We’ll now install GNOME 3.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To do this, we’ll just have to install the <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNOME Desktop</strong> package group, which will install all the packages required for the GUI installation.</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum groupinstall "GNOME DESKTOP" -y</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">This may take a while. There were ~1000 packages installed on a minimal CentOS 7 installation.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Start the GUI</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Although we installed the <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">GNOME Desktop</strong> package group, the GUI will not be loaded by default on reboot.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">We can check this by running:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ systemctl get-default</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Output:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">multi-user.target</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">If our default target is <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">multi-user.target</code>, it means that the GUI will not be loaded. What we want is to set the default target to <code style="background-color: #eaeaea; border-bottom-left-radius: 4px; border-bottom-right-radius: 4px; border-top-left-radius: 4px; border-top-right-radius: 4px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: 14px; padding: 2px 4px;">graphical.target</code>.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To do this, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Output:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">After which, run the following command to change to the GUI immediately:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo systemctl isolate graphical.target</code></pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">That’s it. You can now connect via xRDP to your CentOS 7 machine using GNOME.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Here is what GNOME 3 looks like, the first time you connect after installing. Just follow the initial configuration steps to finish setting up.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><a href="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e91e63; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img alt="GNOME 3" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1291" data-attachment-id="1291" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome" data-large-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome-1024x576.jpg" data-medium-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome-300x169.jpg" data-orig-file="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome.jpg" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-permalink="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/install-xrdp-centos/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome/" sizes="100vw" src="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome.jpg" srcset="https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome.jpg 1024w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome-768x432.jpg 768w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome-300x169.jpg 300w, https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/remote_desktop_connection_xrdp_gnome-150x150.jpg 150w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto 24px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Uninstalling GNOME</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c4858; font-family: Nunito; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.618; margin: 0px 0px 15px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">To uninstall GNOME from your CentOS 7 machine, run the following commands:</p><pre style="background-color: #282a36; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(167, 111, 206); border-left-width: 5px; border-style: none none none solid; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, "Source Code Pro", "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto; padding: 18px 23px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-break: break-all;"><code style="border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Roboto Mono", monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">$ sudo yum groupremove -y "GNOME Desktop"
$ sudo yum autoremove -y</code></pre>Source and reference :<div>https://www.itzgeek.com/how-tos/linux/centos-how-tos/install-xrdp-on-centos-7-rhel-7.html</div><div>https://draculaservers.com/tutorials/install-xrdp-centos/</div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-33766495200566658462021-01-01T18:48:00.002+07:002021-01-01T18:54:40.340+07:00 httpd failed to star /etc/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so: cannot open shared object file<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJMIi-IOYx9kT9ylbbgJW8mZKbofSmTmd94R5RJCX6R_lwk1BOLHRBQsH5_CnBMvevW_14tlDNAeiSw6STK3Zm-2dnSoXDOyGqMjkVEbxzuroC_I1b4DwKppbSECUnBdyii640aNJius/s496/download.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="101" data-original-width="496" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnJMIi-IOYx9kT9ylbbgJW8mZKbofSmTmd94R5RJCX6R_lwk1BOLHRBQsH5_CnBMvevW_14tlDNAeiSw6STK3Zm-2dnSoXDOyGqMjkVEbxzuroC_I1b4DwKppbSECUnBdyii640aNJius/w640-h130/download.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">that you got httpd/apache error like this </h2><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><blockquote><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">httpd: Syntax error on line 56 of /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: Syntax error on line 1 of /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/00-cache.conf: Cannot load </p><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">modules/mod_file_cache.so into server: /etc/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory</p></blockquote><p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><h2 style="text-align: left;">here how to fix it</h2><div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check for installed modules:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -M
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
mpm_prefork_module (static)
http_module (static)
so_module (static)
auth_basic_module (shared)
auth_digest_module (shared)
authn_file_module (shared)
authn_alias_module (shared)
authn_anon_module (shared)
authn_dbm_module (shared)
authn_default_module (shared)
authz_host_module (shared)
authz_user_module (shared)
authz_owner_module (shared)
authz_groupfile_module (shared)
authz_dbm_module (shared)
authz_default_module (shared)
ldap_module (shared)
authnz_ldap_module (shared)
include_module (shared)
log_config_module (shared)
logio_module (shared)
env_module (shared)
ext_filter_module (shared)
mime_magic_module (shared)
expires_module (shared)
deflate_module (shared)
headers_module (shared)
usertrack_module (shared)
setenvif_module (shared)
mime_module (shared)
dav_module (shared)
status_module (shared)
autoindex_module (shared)
info_module (shared)
dav_fs_module (shared)
vhost_alias_module (shared)
negotiation_module (shared)
dir_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
speling_module (shared)
userdir_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
substitute_module (shared)
rewrite_module (shared)
proxy_module (shared)
proxy_balancer_module (shared)
proxy_ftp_module (shared)
proxy_http_module (shared)
proxy_ajp_module (shared)
proxy_connect_module (shared)
cache_module (shared)
suexec_module (shared)
disk_cache_module (shared)
cgi_module (shared)
version_module (shared)
perl_module (shared)
php5_module (shared)
ssl_module (shared)
wsgi_module (shared)
Syntax OK
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">file_cache is not installed</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Install the required development packages:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># yum install httpd-devel gcc
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Get your current running Apache version :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -v
Server version: Apache/2.2.15 (Unix)
Server built: Jan 12 2017 17:09:39
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">or</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># rpm -qv httpd
httpd-2.2.15-56.el6.centos.3.x86_64
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Get the Apache source matching your running version from the archive download repository :</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"><a href="http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #f16334; outline: rgb(226, 68, 16) dotted 1px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/</a></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">(this example would require the following package : http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz)</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># cd /usr/local/src
# wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/httpd/httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Untar:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># tar xvf httpd-2.2.15.tar.gz
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Go to the module directory :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># cd httpd-2.2.15/modules/cache
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Build the module:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># apxs -i -a -c mod_file_cache.c
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The module has been compiled and added in httpd.conf.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Add mod_mem_cache:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">apxs -c -i mod_mem_cache.c cache_cache.c cache_pqueue.c cache_hash.c
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check your configuration:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># service httpd configtest
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">If no error output, then reload the configuration :</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">service httpd reload
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Check the installed modules:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># httpd -M
Loaded Modules:
core_module (static)
mpm_prefork_module (static)
http_module (static)
so_module (static)
auth_basic_module (shared)
auth_digest_module (shared)
authn_file_module (shared)
authn_alias_module (shared)
authn_anon_module (shared)
authn_dbm_module (shared)
authn_default_module (shared)
authz_host_module (shared)
authz_user_module (shared)
authz_owner_module (shared)
authz_groupfile_module (shared)
authz_dbm_module (shared)
authz_default_module (shared)
ldap_module (shared)
authnz_ldap_module (shared)
include_module (shared)
log_config_module (shared)
logio_module (shared)
env_module (shared)
ext_filter_module (shared)
mime_magic_module (shared)
expires_module (shared)
deflate_module (shared)
headers_module (shared)
usertrack_module (shared)
setenvif_module (shared)
mime_module (shared)
dav_module (shared)
status_module (shared)
autoindex_module (shared)
info_module (shared)
dav_fs_module (shared)
vhost_alias_module (shared)
negotiation_module (shared)
dir_module (shared)
actions_module (shared)
speling_module (shared)
userdir_module (shared)
alias_module (shared)
substitute_module (shared)
rewrite_module (shared)
proxy_module (shared)
proxy_balancer_module (shared)
proxy_ftp_module (shared)
proxy_http_module (shared)
proxy_ajp_module (shared)
proxy_connect_module (shared)
cache_module (shared)
suexec_module (shared)
disk_cache_module (shared)
cgi_module (shared)
version_module (shared)
file_cache_module (shared)
perl_module (shared)
php5_module (shared)
ssl_module (shared)
wsgi_module (shared)
Syntax OK
</pre><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #707070; font-family: Muli; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 20px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">file_cache is installed but mem_cache is not seen. Check the apache configuration file – its disabled by default – enable it:</p><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">#nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so
LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so
LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
LoadModule version_module modules/mod_version.so
#
# The following modules are not loaded by default:
#
#LoadModule asis_module modules/mod_asis.so
#LoadModule authn_dbd_module modules/mod_authn_dbd.so
#LoadModule cern_meta_module modules/mod_cern_meta.so
#LoadModule cgid_module modules/mod_cgid.so
#LoadModule dbd_module modules/mod_dbd.so
#LoadModule dumpio_module modules/mod_dumpio.so
#LoadModule filter_module modules/mod_filter.so
#LoadModule ident_module modules/mod_ident.so
#LoadModule log_forensic_module modules/mod_log_forensic.so
#LoadModule unique_id_module modules/mod_unique_id.so
LoadModule file_cache_module /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so
LoadModule mem_cache_module /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/mod_mem_cache.so
</pre><pre style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 1.6em; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; overflow: auto; padding: 1.6em; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;"># service httpd restart</pre></div><div><br /></div><div>Source and reference :</div><div>https://www.geekdecoder.com/install-file_cache_module-centosrhel6/</div><div>https://www.wachid.web.id/2018/10/install-apxs-for-httpd-centos-7.html</div><div><br /></div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-39027827992590684152020-12-30T10:13:00.008+07:002020-12-30T10:13:07.395+07:00How block brute force attack from specific country<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.kaspersky.com/content/en-global/images/repository/isc/44-BruteForce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="710" height="360" src="https://www.kaspersky.com/content/en-global/images/repository/isc/44-BruteForce.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Yesterday I came across some suspicious traffic from multiple IP addresses to a country who we cant trust. After check it more deep, i found that several trafick just do bruteforce attack to my server. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmNzm678eIjRtv_T0F-_NZ9N1Jf9cwwL-rp8IcGdLBxHKHk4SlhVdlQt_29jlWsl6aN2E9l9VrwCN1jh_72QzheIS4pEsznaZcal56D0shUKvklikWqosQMTlr9tTulmdkc-NIuhDFa8/s1660/Screen+Shot+2020-12-29+at+10.33.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1184" data-original-width="1660" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPmNzm678eIjRtv_T0F-_NZ9N1Jf9cwwL-rp8IcGdLBxHKHk4SlhVdlQt_29jlWsl6aN2E9l9VrwCN1jh_72QzheIS4pEsznaZcal56D0shUKvklikWqosQMTlr9tTulmdkc-NIuhDFa8/w640-h456/Screen+Shot+2020-12-29+at+10.33.38.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p>of course this will melt when blocking one by one the ip address, and I want all traffic from ipadress originating from that country to be blocked directly and automatically without having to patch one by one into iptables, and allows opening the block quickly if needed later.</p><p>if you have some problem like me, you can follow my steps below.</p><h2 id="Howtoblockspecificcountriesfromaccessingyourserver-Beforestarting" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.008em; line-height: 1.25; margin: 15px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">Before starting</h2><p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">It is assumed that you are using a CentOS 7 server already having <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">iptables</em> and <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ipset</em> installed. Run the following command in order to double check the availability of the packages:</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;">yum list ipset iptables ipset-service iptables-services</div><p>In case all are listed under "Installed Packages" section, you can proceed forward. Otherwise, just install the missing packages.</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">yum install ipset iptables <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ipset iptables </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ipset-service </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">iptables-services</span></span></div><p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><h2 id="Howtoblockspecificcountriesfromaccessingyourserver-Step-by-stepguide" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #444444; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.008em; line-height: 1.25; margin: 15px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">Step-by-step guide</h2><ol style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 30px;"><li style="line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Download the script.</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;">wget -O <a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> <span class="nolink" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="external-link" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/4psa/voipnowtoolbox/master/blockcountry.pl" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/4psa/voipnowtoolbox/master/blockcountry.pl</a></span></div><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p></li><li style="line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Install the required perl libraries using the following command. As one of them is available only on EPEL, the EPEL Repository must be added first:</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;">yum install epel-release perl-libwww-perl perl-Locale-SubCountry</div><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p></li><li style="line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Edit the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> </em>script and specify which countries you want to block. The list of countries is available <a class="external-link" href="http://www.ipdeny.com/ipblocks/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">here</a>.</p><div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); color: #333333; margin: 6px 0px 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl" style="color: #444444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: perl; gutter: false; theme: Confluence" data-theme="Confluence" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; word-break: normal;">my @countries = (
"PS",
"SA",
"TR",
);
</pre></div></div></li><li style="line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Run the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> </em>script:</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;">perl <a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a></div><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">The default policy is set to reject. The iptables rules for the above example look like this:</p><div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); color: #333333; margin: 6px 0px 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl" style="color: #444444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Confluence" data-theme="Confluence" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; word-break: normal;">Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Turkey src reject-with icmp-host-unreachable
REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Saudi_Arabia src reject-with icmp-host-unreachable
REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Palestinian_Territory_Occupied src reject-with icmp-host-unreachable
</pre></div></div><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">If you want to add the iptables rules with ACCEPT or DROP instead of reject, you can call the script with <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">-p</em> parameter.</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">perl <a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> -p drop</span></div>It will add the iptables rule as follows:<p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); color: #333333; margin: 6px 0px 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl" style="color: #444444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Confluence" data-theme="Confluence" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; word-break: normal;">Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Turkey src
DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Saudi_Arabia src
DROP all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 match-set Palestinian_Territory_Occupied src
</pre></div></div><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Daily refresh of the IP sets can be done via a cronjob like the one below:</p><div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); color: #333333; margin: 6px 0px 20px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl" style="color: #444444; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Confluence" data-theme="Confluence" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0px; word-break: normal;">* 1 * * * /usr/bin/perl /<path_to_the_script>/blockcountry.pl -r > /dev/null 2>&1</pre></div></div><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Replace<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <path_to_the_script></em> with the actual path toward the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> </em>script.</p><p class="auto-cursor-target" style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">If you need to flush the existing rules and destroy all the IP sets available, use the parameter <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">-f</em> like this:</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">perl <a class="external-link" href="http://blockcountry.pl/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0052cc; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">blockcountry.pl</a> -f</span></div>Just answer Yes or Y and all the rules and sets will be removed.<p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></p></li><li style="line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p style="color: #444444; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">To preserve the rules during reboots, run the following command:</p><div class="shellcode conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="shell" style="background-color: #333333; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; color: white; font-family: Consolas, "Bitstream Vera Sans Mono", "Courier New", Courier, monospace; margin: 20px 0px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 15px;">service iptables save && service ipset save</div></li></ol>
<p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Make sure you do not mix up the countries, otherwise you might get yourself blocked.</p><p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">To avoid such issues, it is recommended to start with a cronjob that will remove the rules. If no issues arise, the cronjob can be removed.</p><p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17pt; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">Source and Reference : https://wiki.4psa.com/m/view-rendered-page.action?abstractPageId=44088107 </p>
ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-81243259206333486332020-12-28T14:55:00.003+07:002020-12-28T14:55:26.576+07:00Block Bruteforce from recent country on WHM with cPHulk<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyNqnU8Y4Qa7i2pCnwgTeTL4oWxQDHYi2fvvevQI1-tqHCWymwt7jlIfjfSXbvm51U_n6Xijil-ClpBpM1pRXPJiYnwxvTGEFtgCWy6mI7oMkjvmnz740keQscYaTFYoI5QsN3tMvMZ14/s562/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.27.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="562" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyNqnU8Y4Qa7i2pCnwgTeTL4oWxQDHYi2fvvevQI1-tqHCWymwt7jlIfjfSXbvm51U_n6Xijil-ClpBpM1pRXPJiYnwxvTGEFtgCWy6mI7oMkjvmnz740keQscYaTFYoI5QsN3tMvMZ14/w640-h192/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.27.56.png" width="640" /></a></div>Search icon cPHulk on security section on WHM, and see History logs, you can see many temp of try brute force from some IP address and where they county from. You just need remember of 2 digit code of county.<div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43urgCpg-uN1uU3kOoL-fqcQ8SCmiyQjqIWEFvC0RXSSe8F0qt1Bq5A3rxU6d9bQy9_wKNib7v4OWDc97q6j-CSVDEw2qjrTUY6PjhZ4nl9aO5AuNwBAJxoI8Mv-WskNy90nrw_ucLFk/s2048/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.27.36.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1629" data-original-width="2048" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj43urgCpg-uN1uU3kOoL-fqcQ8SCmiyQjqIWEFvC0RXSSe8F0qt1Bq5A3rxU6d9bQy9_wKNib7v4OWDc97q6j-CSVDEw2qjrTUY6PjhZ4nl9aO5AuNwBAJxoI8Mv-WskNy90nrw_ucLFk/w640-h510/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.27.36.png" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div>just continue open tab <b>Manage Country</b> and search that code on country search form, in this example I just search <b>BO</b>, and the result is <b>Bolivia</b>, recent action to use is, you can click <b>Blacklisted</b>, so traffic attempt brute force from that country will rejected automatically.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQt_rcaWtMPtXHnIC0I8ajaO0oi3IfnGg7UEdmfFRHIcJHX0U6hH8nmY8kPmkG3HnIf_SMyz4-uuZbzS-St8Z_JrjdQewLF9k8xju8jRtHa8r5ht16jba0mgP0u8nv9HccCFFkbwNyQQw/s2048/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.28.19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1577" data-original-width="2048" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQt_rcaWtMPtXHnIC0I8ajaO0oi3IfnGg7UEdmfFRHIcJHX0U6hH8nmY8kPmkG3HnIf_SMyz4-uuZbzS-St8Z_JrjdQewLF9k8xju8jRtHa8r5ht16jba0mgP0u8nv9HccCFFkbwNyQQw/w640-h492/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+14.28.19.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-72807224788877821092020-12-28T13:52:00.001+07:002020-12-28T13:56:14.259+07:00Safari 14 removes Flash<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDjbTTl9VBkGdfRtRkgfPKSfGQ9gGjqNhOkduL1a3mlohgDKgEctlBb-P4LApQTw9pI5ST7WPZiZDPBJua3hIq0oPq0aWA7dIfdg7DHgxmHXwnWPWB0DkrNATGjZrk8Ocg6yiLrCDmoNg/s2678/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.37.52.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="2678" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDjbTTl9VBkGdfRtRkgfPKSfGQ9gGjqNhOkduL1a3mlohgDKgEctlBb-P4LApQTw9pI5ST7WPZiZDPBJua3hIq0oPq0aWA7dIfdg7DHgxmHXwnWPWB0DkrNATGjZrk8Ocg6yiLrCDmoNg/w640-h162/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.37.52.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Its still midlle of December but many site use flash payer cannot open again on safari 14, legal announced from Adobe say support for flash player will be enden on 31 December 2020.</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">After the flashy presentations of WWDC 2020, Apple has now published more details about some of the new features that are coming to some of its products.</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">While Safari didn't get too much of the spotlight at WWDC, Safari 14, scheduled to be released later this fall with iOS 14 and macOS 11, is a release that is packed choke-full with features, one of them is no more flash player.</p><h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-transform: uppercase;">NO MORE FLASH PLAYER</h3><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">Safari 14 is also an end of an era, as this will be the first version of Safari that won't support Adobe Flash Player content.</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">so don't update your safari if you still need flash player for open some web app.</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">so how solve it, if you wash rush update your safari but still need flash player, some group discussion say, it say can't fix, just don't use flash player again.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKFbnuzhpYUfa0SJW7Wwb0-0dvMzcSfKMmiqjsS2F3jWXCluPF-lecBvgKC2Ga1JNewwnbkXwGv3HvTwRWT-XgAFQkPV5L7OAa4e53kEWo4Fj15hmigOJV82eiQrIjeesppEcHoLP_Dk/s2048/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.44.38.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1753" data-original-width="2048" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKFbnuzhpYUfa0SJW7Wwb0-0dvMzcSfKMmiqjsS2F3jWXCluPF-lecBvgKC2Ga1JNewwnbkXwGv3HvTwRWT-XgAFQkPV5L7OAa4e53kEWo4Fj15hmigOJV82eiQrIjeesppEcHoLP_Dk/w640-h548/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.44.38.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="caret-color: rgb(8, 14, 20); color: #080e14; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 21px; padding: 0px;">from official adobe site say it too.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_kvnFQr_WmaM7SWxboZpeWnHhkBI-6k_nywWtfsl-1suc76zJ5noGcsSpGyY3RMzVx0NUmiawfS6y5R8mB7VqW7RFqzm1femhwSKFbjsjvF6l3sMMvLEk1mR92DD6KTzXFp9gxRTcGg/s2048/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.48.30.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1573" data-original-width="2048" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_kvnFQr_WmaM7SWxboZpeWnHhkBI-6k_nywWtfsl-1suc76zJ5noGcsSpGyY3RMzVx0NUmiawfS6y5R8mB7VqW7RFqzm1femhwSKFbjsjvF6l3sMMvLEk1mR92DD6KTzXFp9gxRTcGg/w640-h492/Screen+Shot+2020-12-28+at+13.48.30.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">So how to fix it? there are no other solution, just use another browser for temporary.</h2>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-83504503276081645972020-12-21T21:51:00.001+07:002020-12-21T21:51:25.446+07:00MacOs Recovery won't work, Command R not working!<p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">In the event of a serious problem with your Mac, you may need to reinstall your Mac operating system. There's a simple way to do this using your Mac Recovery partition or via Mac Internet Recovery. You can access the Recovery mode via the keyboard combination Command +R. But what do you do if Mac recovery mode isn't working or Command +R doesn't work?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">We'll look at the best solutions to these problems below. If you want to learn <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/reinstall-mac-os-recovery-3593641/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="how to reinstall Mac OS">how to reinstall Mac OS using Recovery Mode</a> we cover that in a separate article (via the link above).</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">What is Mac Recovery?</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">A quick word on what Mac Recovery mode can do and how it works.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Most people don't really think about their hard drives (well, SSD these days) in terms of partitions. They just see the whole drive as one thing. A hard drive is typically a single volume, but it is then split up into multiple areas, known as partitions or volumes. Think of your hard drive as the house, and the partitions as different rooms. (Read: <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/partition-hard-drive-mac-3619175/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to partition or create a volume on a Mac hard drive or SSD">How to partition a Mac hard drive or SSD, or create a APFS volume</a> for more information.)</p><div class="videoContainer videoContainer--isStandalone standalone--infeed" id="videoContainer-3797740" style="bottom: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 65px; outline: none; overflow: visible !important; padding-bottom: 8px; right: auto !important;"><div class="outer-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none; overflow: visible !important;"><div id="video-6FA0A101-DCE3-41F8-83DAAD69A73140E1" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You're used to only seeing one room in the house, the one which has your Desktop, Folders and Applications. But there are actually four partitions, and one is used in extreme cases where you may want to completely reinstall the operating system macOS (or Mac OS X on older Macs). Even if you completely wipe your Mac, and start again from scratch, the Recovery partition should still be there to make it possible to reinstall macOS, restore from your Time Machine backup, and repair or erase your hard disk. We look in detail at <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/mac-recovery-mode-3674052/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Recovery Mode mac">what you can do in Recovery mode here</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">It's a problem if you need to reinstall the operating system from scratch and the Recovery partition is missing or for some reason you can't access. A problem, but luckily there are solutions available.</p><div id="nativo1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Back in the days before Mac OS X Lion launched in 2011 there wasn't a Recovery partition, instead you needed to have a physical disc with the software on it and an optical drive to insert it into. These days it's rare to find a Mac with a optical drive, let alone find someone who has their original discs - not that Macs have shipped with install discs in recent times. We'll look at what to do if you fit into this category <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/#old" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">later in this article</a>.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Command R not working</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">There are a few reasons why you might find that Command + R doesn't work and your Mac won't start up in Recovery Mode:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">If your Mac is really old - as in so old it's running Mac OS X Snow Leopard or older - it will not have a Recovery partition, the only way to reinstall the OS is to use the discs that shipped with the Mac. <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/#old" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(22, 137, 196) !important; font-size: 1.2rem !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">We'll look at what to do in that case later</a>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">If your Mac is running a version of macOS older than Sierra (which launched in 2016) then you won't have all the Recovery options available that you may have heard of.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">The keyboard might be faulty or your Mac may not connect to it via Bluetooth - in which case, try using another - we suggest one that plugs in directly.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Something might have corrupted your Recovery partition, or you might have deleted it while replacing your hard drive or installing Windows via Boot Camp,</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">The first thing to try is to restart your Mac and press Command and R again as you boot up.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">There are a few other ways you might be able to force your Mac to start up in recovery mode if Command + R isn't working for you. Apple has a couple of other commands that you could try:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You could use Internet Recovery Mode - an option that we will discuss in more detail below. This method will download a version of macOS from the internet, which might be a solution if you can't access the Recovery partition on your Mac. We discuss Internet Recovery Mode in more detail in a <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/#internet recovery" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">section below. </a></p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Press Option/Alt + Command + R when you boot up to enter Internet Recovery Mode.</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Once you enter this mode you will be able to access an Apple server to download the verson of macOS. This will be the latest macOS compatible with your Mac. Note: If you aren’t running Sierra 10.12.4 of later, this will install the version that came with your Mac.</p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="avid" id="avid-pos1" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 25px 0px; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you don't want to install the latest version of macOS try this:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Shift + Option/Alt + Command R (if you are running Sierra 10.12.4 of later) will install the version of MacOS that came with your Mac, or the one closest to it that is still available.</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Note that if your Mac has a T2 chip there may be a simple reason why Command + R isn't working for you. In that case:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Option/Alt + Command + R will install the latest macOS on your Mac if you have a T2 chip.</li></ul><h2 id="toc-3636668-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Mac recovery mode not working</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Sometimes you'll get into Recovery Mode to work only for everything to freeze up.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Perhaps your Mac's disc is beyond repair and Recovery Mode inaccessible. In that case our article about <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/recover-data-3584438/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Recover data from a damaged Mac">How to recover data from a damaged Mac</a> might be helpful.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">For ways to check whether your Recovery partition is broken or missing <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/#have i got" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">jump to this section</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you have accessed Internet Recovery mode it might be a very slow process depending on your connection speed. When we experienced this problem we connected our Mac to the hub via an ethernet cable.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">What to do if recovery mode isn't working?</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">It is possible to restore a Mac without a recovery partition, but it can be tricky (especially on older Macs). You have a few approaches available:</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Use Internet Recovery to reinstall macOS on Mac with a missing recovery partition. Jump to <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/#internet recovery" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(22, 137, 196) !important; font-size: 1.2rem !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">this section</a> to find out how to do that.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Create a bootdrive to install a copy of macOS from.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Use your Time Machine backup as your start-up drive.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">You may also be able to create a Recovery partition, we look at how to do that here: <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/mac-recovery-partition-3636717/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(22, 137, 196) !important; font-size: 1.2rem !important; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to create a Mac recovery partition in El Capitan and Yosemite">How to create a Recovery partition Mac</a></li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">We're going to look at these options below - but first, a quick explanation of what a recovery partition is.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a id="have i got" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"></a>How to check if your Recovery partition is working</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="Recovery Mode macOS" class="lz lightbox idgowned loaded" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1188" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/macos-high-sierra-recovery-mode-options_thumb.jpg" height="804" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/macos-high-sierra-recovery-mode-options_thumb.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1rem;" title="Click for slideshow" width="1188" /></p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd2" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="smallLeaderboard" id="smallLeaderboard-pos2" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">First you should check that your Mac definitely hasn't got a working Recovery partition. It's possbile that you have been using the wrong key combination, or that your keyboard wasn't working, for example.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Here is how to boot into Recovery Drive:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Shut down your Mac. (Apple menu > Shut Down.)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Hold down the Command and R keys down and press the Power button.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Keep holding Command and R until the Apple logo appears on the screen. Let go of the keys and wait for the Mac to complete starting up. (Expect it to take longer than normal.)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">You should see a screen saying macOS Utilities (or if your Mac is older, OS X Utilities). This is the Recovery partition. If you have this, stop worrying. You're good to go. Read all about <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/reinstall-mac-os-recovery-3593641/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="how to reinstall macOS using Recovery">how to reinstall macOS from Recovery here</a>.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">However, if the Mac boots up to your normal view, or if you're faced with a completely blank screen, then you haven't got a Recovery partition.</p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd1" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="smallMpuSmallLeaderboard" id="smallMpuSmallLeaderboard-pos1" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If your Mac does boot into macOS then you can at least check Terminal to see if you have a recovery partition, here's how to do that:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Open Terminal.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Enter <span style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;">diskutil list</span>.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You should see a list of all the volumes and partitions on your computer. The first drive (/dev/disk0) should have a partition (typically listed as "3" with Apple_Boot Recovery HD after it). Try using the Command-R process again.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You could also these tips to see if it makes your Recovery partition miraculously appear.</p><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style: none inside; margin: 0px 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Reset your PRAM. Shut down your Mac and hold down Command-Option-P-R during boot. Wait for the chimes and let go.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Check your keyboard (especially if it's a Bluetooth keyboard). Try using a wired keyboard if possible.</li></ul><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Okay, so either your Recovery Partition is missing, or doesn't work and you've tried everything. So it's time to look at reinstalling macOS without it. First, if it's an option here, you should take time to <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/back-up-mac-3584440/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to back up a Mac">back up up your Mac</a> using Time Machine. This will enable you to restore all your files, folders and apps once you've reinstalled macOS.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a id="internet recovery" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"></a>How to use Internet Recovery to reinstall macOS</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="How to restore a Mac without a recovery partition: Internet recovery" class="lz loaded" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/internet_recovery.jpg" height="450" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/internet_recovery.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none;" title="Click for slideshow" width="800" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Here's what to do if you haven't got a recovery partition on your Mac and need to reinstall macOS (in fact, even if you don't need to reinstall macOS you probably should, because a missing Recovery Partition is not a good sign).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">The first approach is to use a feature called Internet Recovery. Newer Macs are able to boot directly from an internet connection, even with no Recovery partition available. Here is how to use MacOS Internet Recovery:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Shut down your Mac.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Hold down Command-Option/Alt-R and press the Power button. (On some Mac keyboards the Option key will be named Alt).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Hold down those keys until you a spinning globe and the message "Starting Internet Recovery. This may take a while".</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">The message will be replaced with a progress bar. Wait for it to fill. Expect it to take a while...</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Wait for the MacOS Utilities screen to appear.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click Reinstall macOS and follow the installation process.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">There are issues with Internet Recovery. It only works with networks using WEP and WPA security. This is most home Wi-Fi networks, but if you're on a proxy network or PPPoE then you will have problems. In these cases it's usually best to find another network rather than create a USB Recovery Stick (our next step). If you have Internet Recovery, then make use of it to reinstall macOS if possible.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Create a macOS bootable installer on a flash drive</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="Terminal createinstallmedia" class="lz lightbox oneoffuse loaded" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="960" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/sierra-install-disk-terminal-04-100683645-orig_thumb.jpg" height="369" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/sierra-install-disk-terminal-04-100683645-orig_thumb.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1rem;" title="Click for slideshow" width="960" /></p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd3" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="smallLeaderboard" id="smallLeaderboard-pos3" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you can't access Internet Recovery, then you are left with the option to create a bootable installer from a flash drive (at least 12GB in size). Note that this completely erases the USB flash drive, so be careful to remove any files from it first. We cover <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/bootable-mac-installer-3575875/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to create a bootable installer for macOS ">how to create a bootable installer for macOS here</a>, but we'll give an overview of the method below.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">The simplest way to create a USB flash installer it to <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/how-use-terminal-on-mac-3608274/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to use Terminal on a Mac">use Terminal</a>:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Open your Applications folder and look to see if you have the Install files for the version of macOS or Mac OS X you require. In the case of Sierra or High Sierra you''ll see: something like this, for example.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="Install files for macOS" class="lz lightbox idgowned loaded" data-original-height="969" data-original-width="1462" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/installation_files_for_macos_thumb.png" height="969" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/installation_files_for_macos_thumb.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none;" title="Click for slideshow" width="1462" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you don't have the files read about <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/download-old-os-x-3629363/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="How to get older verssions of macOS">how to get older versions of macOS or Mac OS X here. </a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">When you have got hold of the installer for the version of macOS that you require, follow these steps:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Attach your USB flash drive to your Mac.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Open Disk Utility.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select the volume (under External) in the sidebar. The Volume is the top part, not the partition (which is underneath).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click Erase.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Make sure it says "Untitled" in the Name field. Don't change this. Click Erase.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Open Terminal.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Cut and paste the correct createinstallmedia text into Terminal (the code will depend on the version of macOS, so we suggest getting it from this article: <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/bootable-mac-installer-3575875/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="createinstallmedia commands ">createinstallmedia commands for versions of macOS.</a> It will look something like the below image.)</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">You'll then need to enter your admin password. And then enter "y" and press Return. It will first wipe your flash drive, then turn it into a bootable installer.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><img alt="How to restore a Mac without a recovery partition: Create installer media" class="lz loaded" data-src="//www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/createinstallmedia_recovery_drive.jpg" height="450" src="https://www.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3636668/createinstallmedia_recovery_drive.jpg" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding-bottom: 1rem;" title="Click for slideshow" width="800" /></p><div class="adContainer dynamicAd" id="dynamicAd4" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div class="adContainer__ad" data-adprefix="btf" data-cb-ad-id="smallLeaderboard" id="smallLeaderboard-pos4" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: none;"></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Expect to wait a while for the process to finish.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Install macOS from the bootable installer</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Now you can follow these steps to use the bootable installer:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; list-style-position: inside !important; margin: 0.625em 0.625em 0.625em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Make sure the bootable installer (USB flash drive) is connected to your Mac.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Shut down your Mac.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Hold down Option/Alt and press the Power button.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">The startup device list window should appear displaying a yellow drive with Install (software name) below it.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select it and press Return. Wait for the progress bar to fill.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select Disk Utility.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select the drive under Internal (your main hard drive).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click Erase.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Give the drive a name; "Macintosh HD" is traditional but you can choose. Ensure that the Format is Mac OS Extended (Journaled) and the Scheme is GUID Partition Map.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click Erase.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Click Done.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Choose Disk Utility > Quit Disk Utility.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select Install macOS and click Continue.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Follow the install macOS options.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 12px; outline: none;">Select Macintosh HD as the installation disk, when presented, and click Install.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">MacOS will now be installed on your hard drive from the bootable installer. The whole process can take around half an hour. After this has finished you will have a new installation of macOS along with a Recovery partition.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You may get the message: "This copy of the Install [macOS name] application can't be verified. It may have been corrupted or tampered with during downloading." If so you need to adjust the date and time in macOS.</p><h2 id="toc-3636668-9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #131518; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; font-size: 2em; margin: 0.9375em 0px 0.1875em; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a id="old" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"></a>How to reinstall Mac OS X on an older Mac without Recovery mode</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">As we mentioned above, if your Mac is running Snow Leopard or older, it won't have a Recovery partiton. So if everything goes pear shaped and you need to reinstall your operating system what can you do.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you have the original discs that shipped with the Mac, you should be able to use them.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">If you don't have those discs, then your best option is to purchase Snow Leopard from Apple. It costs £19.99 and you can order a copy <a href="https://apple.sjv.io/c/312327/435031/7613?u=https://www.apple.com/shop/product/MC573Z/A/mac-os-x-106-snow-leopard&subid1=41-3636668-11-0000000" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">You can still buy a copy of Lion from the Apple Store <a href="https://apple.sjv.io/c/312327/435031/7613?u=https://www.apple.com/shop/product/D6106ZM/A/os-x-lion&subid1=41-3636668-11-0000000" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1689c4; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, sans-serif; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">here</a>, but what you will receive is a download code, rather than physical discs.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">Once you have Snow Leopard discs you can insert them into your Mac's optical drive - assuming it has one, and install the operating system. Once you have done so you can use the Mac App Store to get a newer version of MacOS.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: aktiv-grotesk, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.3125em 0px 0.9375em !important; outline: none;">source : https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/recovery-mode-internet-3636668/</p>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-40203732959890627472020-12-08T12:38:00.009+07:002021-01-08T23:23:09.197+07:00 How Fix perl: warning: Setting locale failed. – Fixed in CentOS 7<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTq-eAMV9qhHDijQZc8rK7w-ArdF7YKZPPXPsvpvTqNk0e914d_zpKsBW8WETqoyhVpRLihYu_bb8SdVN2pPwjd_2l2tlPtnTVubA-eRybu1UJyRFgZitnW3bepr18lFHoHAQOYdiRkrs/s1316/Screen+Shot+2020-12-08+at+12.37.29.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="858" data-original-width="1316" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTq-eAMV9qhHDijQZc8rK7w-ArdF7YKZPPXPsvpvTqNk0e914d_zpKsBW8WETqoyhVpRLihYu_bb8SdVN2pPwjd_2l2tlPtnTVubA-eRybu1UJyRFgZitnW3bepr18lFHoHAQOYdiRkrs/w640-h418/Screen+Shot+2020-12-08+at+12.37.29.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>[root@lab program]#</p><p>perl: warning: Setting locale failed.</p><p>perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:</p><p><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LANGUAGE = (unset),</p><p><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LC_ALL = (unset),</p><p><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LC_CTYPE = "UTF-8",</p><p><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>LANG = "en_US.UTF-8"</p><p> are supported and installed on your system.</p><p>perl: warning: Falling back to a fallback locale ("en_US.UTF-8").</p><p>[root@lab program]#</p><p>It was on DO server which I used SSH terminal to connect from macOS. If you are encountering this error, here is how you can fix.</p><p><br /></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b>Solution</b></h2><p>Export the following locale on your terminal and run the program.</p><p><br /></p><p>export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8</p><p>export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8</p><p>It ran smoothly to me and hope it helps you too.</p><p><br /></p><p>This is fine if you just need to do one time. However, if you need to run it periodically then you may want to set this in profile so it loads during logon.</p><p><br /></p><p>Go to the user’s home directory</p><p>Modify .bash_profile (assuming you are using bash) using vi</p><p>Add the following and save the file</p><p>export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8</p><p>export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8</p><p>That’s all!</p><p><br /></p><p>Now, I can run Perl 😊</p><p><br /></p><p>Sumber : https://geekflare.com/perl-warning-setting-locale-failed/</p>
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<br>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-91245585267570363142020-12-08T12:04:00.004+07:002021-01-08T23:32:52.763+07:00Mount External Hardisk di Centos 7<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://cdn.idntimes.com/content-images/community/2018/03/external-harddrive-shutterstock-128453198-58f83c252955df23c4b54af6682457f7_600x400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" src="https://cdn.idntimes.com/content-images/community/2018/03/external-harddrive-shutterstock-128453198-58f83c252955df23c4b54af6682457f7_600x400.jpg" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 1 </h3><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Pindah ke mode Root</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Pastikan anda dalam mode ROOT bukan user biasa, pelajari "</span><a href="https://www.blogon.id/2019/02/pindah-userbiasa-ke-root-centos7.html" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #96c666; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Pindah Dari User Biasa ke Root (Super User) Pada Centos 7</a><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">" tentang pindah ke ROOT mode</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 2 </h3><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Melakukan istalasi </span><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">epel-release </i></span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">dengan sintak berikut</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yum install epel-release</i></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 3 </h3><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Lakukan Instalalasi </span><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ntfs-3g</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;"> pada server</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><i style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yum install ntfs-3g</span></i><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 4</h3><div><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Cek partisinya</span></div><div><br /></div><div><i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px;">[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l</span><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk label type: dos</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk identifier: 0x00096c2a</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sda2 1026048 5220351 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sda3 5220352 41943039 18361344 83 Linux</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk label type: dos</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk identifier: 0x100d3780</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk /dev/sdc: 15.9 GB, 15938355200 bytes, 31129600 sectors</span></p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk label type: dos</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Disk identifier: 0xfdc01076</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 15.6816px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.75em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sdc1 * 63 31129599 15564768+ c W95 FAT32 (LBA)</span></p></i></div><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 5 </h3><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Membuat direktori </span><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ntfs</span></b><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;"> driver yang akan di mount pada </span><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/mnt/win</span></b><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mkdir /mnt/win</i></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><h3 style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; margin: 15px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Langkah 6 </h3><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;">Mount </span><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">/dev/sdb1</b></span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;"> ke direktory </span><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ntfs</span></b><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;"> driver</span><b style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> /mnt/win</span></b><div><span style="font-family: courier new, courier, monospace;">seusuaikan path hardisknya sesuai hasik cek partisi tadi contoh diatas /dev/sdc1<br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 17px;" /></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sdc1 /mnt/win</i></span><div><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sumber : </i></span></div><div><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i></span></div><div><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: courier new, courier, monospace;"><i>https://www.blogon.id/2019/02/mudah-mount-ntfs-drive-di-centos7.html</i></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 17px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: courier new, courier, monospace;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></div></div>
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<br>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-63477206819217810592020-12-08T11:48:00.002+07:002020-12-08T11:48:41.735+07:00set hostname di centos 7<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">In order to display a computer name in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CentOS 7/8</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">RHEL 7/8</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">systems via console, issue the following command. The</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">-s</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">flag displayed the computer short name (hostname only) and the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><code style="background: rgb(244, 242, 255); border-radius: 3px; border: 0px; color: #9884fc; font-family: "Courier 10 Pitch", Courier, monospace; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5rem; margin: 0px; padding: 4px 10px; word-break: normal;">-f</code><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">flag displays the computer</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FQDN</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">in the network (only if the computer is a part of a domain or realm and the FQDN is set).</span></p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># hostname
# hostname -s
# hostname -f
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28114" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_28114" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 405px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Check-Hostname-in-CentOS-7.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Check Hostname in CentOS 7" class="size-full wp-image-28114" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="248" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Check-Hostname-in-CentOS-7.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="415" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-28114" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Check Hostname in CentOS 7</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">You can also display a Linux system hostname by inspecting the content of <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/hostname</span> file using the <a href="https://www.tecmint.com/13-basic-cat-command-examples-in-linux/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #cc3333; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">cat command</a>.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># cat /etc/hostname
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28115" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_28115" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 305px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Display-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Display CentOS 7 Hostname" class="size-full wp-image-28115" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="75" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Display-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="315" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-28115" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Display CentOS 7 Hostname</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In order to change or set a <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CentOS 7/8</span> machine hostname, use the <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/hostname-command-examples-for-linux/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #cc3333; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank" title="Change Hostname in CentOS">hostnamectl command</a></span> as shown in the below command excerpt.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># hostnamectl set-hostname <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">your-new-hostname</span>
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In addition to <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">hostname</span> command, you can also use <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">hostnamectl</span> command to display a Linux machine hostname.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># hostnamectl
</pre><center style="background-color: white; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; padding-bottom: 45px; padding-top: 35px;"></center><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In order to apply the new hostname, a system <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">reboot</span> is required, issue one of the below commands in order to reboot a CentOS 7 machine.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># init 6
# systemctl reboot
# shutdown -r
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28116" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_28116" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 442px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Set-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Set CentOS 7 Hostname" class="size-full wp-image-28116" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="306" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Set-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="452" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-28116" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Set CentOS 7 Hostname</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">A second method to set up a <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CentOS 7/8</span> machine hostname is to manually edit the <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/hostname</span> file and type your new hostname. Also, a system reboot is necessary in order to apply the new machine name.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># vi /etc/hostname
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">A third method that can be used to change a <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CentOS 7/8</span> machine hostname is by using the Linux <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sysctl</span> interface. However, using this method to change machine name results in setting-up the machine transient hostname.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">The transient hostname is a special hostname initialized and maintained only by the Linux kernel as an auxiliary machine name in addition to he static hostname and doesn’t survive reboots.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># sysctl kernel.hostname
# sysctl kernel.hostname=new-hostname
# sysctl -w kernel.hostname=new-hostname
</pre><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">To display machine transient hostname issue the below commands.</p><pre style="background: rgb(33, 37, 41); border-radius: 5px; border: 10px solid rgb(242, 240, 240); color: white; font-family: monospace, monospace; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.625; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: auto hidden; padding: 10px 10px 10px 18px;"># sysctl kernel.hostname
# hostnamectl
</pre><figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-28117" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_28117" style="background: rgb(247, 248, 249); border-radius: 10px; border: 10px solid rgb(247, 247, 247); clear: both; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px auto 1.5em; max-width: 100%; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 438px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Change-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #212d45; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;"><img alt="Change CentOS 7 Hostname" class="size-full wp-image-28117" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="468" loading="lazy" src="https://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Change-CentOS-7-Hostname.png" style="border-radius: 10px; border: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;" width="448" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-28117" style="font-size: 12.75px; opacity: 0.8; padding-top: 10px;">Change CentOS 7 Hostname</figcaption></figure><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">Finally, the <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">hostnamectl</span> command can be used to achieve the following hostname setups: <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">–pretty</span>, <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">–static</span>, and <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">–transient</span>.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Although there are other more specific ways to <a href="https://www.tecmint.com/set-hostname-permanently-in-linux/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #cc3333; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">change a Linux machine hostname</a>, such as issuing <span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.tecmint.com/nmtui-configure-network-connection/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #cc3333; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank" title="How to Configure IP Network with ‘nmtui’ Tool">nmtui command</a></span> or manually editing some configuration files specific to each Linux distribution (<span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX</span> for CentOS), the above rules are generally available regardless of the used Linux distribution.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #3a3a3a; font-family: Muli, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sumber : https://www.tecmint.com/set-change-hostname-in-centos-7/</p>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-40137051928191261752020-11-25T10:12:00.006+07:002020-11-25T13:52:22.779+07:00Install Softaculous pada WHM Centos 7<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/install-wordpress-chinese-2-1024x480.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="800" height="188" src="http://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/install-wordpress-chinese-2-1024x480.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">Softaculous</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">merupakan sebuah tools untuk menginstall berbagai script CMS ataupun yang lainnya hanya dengan beberapa kali klik saja tanpa harus pusing upload dan melakukan konfigurasi database.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"> </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; text-align: justify;">cara instal Softaculous pada WHM Cpanel sbb </span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #777777; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">:</span></p><ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;">Pastikan anda telah mengaktifkan IonCube pada WHM Capanel anda, jika belum, anda dapat mencarinya di: WHM è Tweak Settings</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;">Jika anda ingin memiliki instalasi sofaculous yang Full Version, pastikan nda sudah membeli license nya. Jika belum, anda dapat memesannya <a href="https://billing.hosteko.com/cart.php?gid=9" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0088cc; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">disini</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px;">Setelah semua anda persiapkan, silahkan login root ke server anda via ssh dan jalankan perintah berikut:</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">wget -N http://files.softaculous.com/install.sh</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">chmod 755 install.sh</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">./install.sh</span></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; text-align: justify;">jika muncul error ioncube, seperti ini </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhujYVN8-qtgtFi3u6EcRpmS_LzKH9vUa9lUc7-m_wp2KAjChaQldIymPHf79U17kSu39qZngyFhVvjYjcmcmR-A2axSTdlyIpBsGgt6Y89GQVqJV8lQ73JFmxarAfVrp8zG3CAWCH-SMU/s1010/Screen+Shot+2020-11-25+at+10.13.23.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="1010" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhujYVN8-qtgtFi3u6EcRpmS_LzKH9vUa9lUc7-m_wp2KAjChaQldIymPHf79U17kSu39qZngyFhVvjYjcmcmR-A2axSTdlyIpBsGgt6Y89GQVqJV8lQ73JFmxarAfVrp8zG3CAWCH-SMU/s320/Screen+Shot+2020-11-25+at+10.13.23.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #777777; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25rem; text-align: justify;">maka aktifkan dulu ioncube loader, dengan cara seperti ini</p><div class="entry-content" style="background-color: white; float: none; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 40px; padding: 0px; width: 1200px;"><h3 class="item-1" id="enabling-ioncube" style="font-size: 1.375rem;">Enabling Ioncube</h3><ul><li>Login to WHM (root)</li><li>Go to Server Configuration -> Tweak Settings -> PHP</li><li>Select <strong>ioncube</strong> check box for <strong>cPanel PHP loader</strong>.</li><li>Click on <strong>Save</strong> button.</li><li>That’s it. This will enable Ioncube for you in 3rd party PHP binary.</li></ul><figure class="wp-block-image" style="margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-2424" height="321" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1127px) 100vw, 1127px" src="http://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/EnableIoncube.png" srcset="https://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/EnableIoncube.png 1127w, https://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/EnableIoncube-300x183.png 300w, https://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/EnableIoncube-768x468.png 768w, https://www.softaculous.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/EnableIoncube-1024x624.png 1024w" style="max-width: 100%;" width="524" /></figure></div>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5090298069103301401.post-75870187476613327372020-11-24T22:58:00.007+07:002020-11-24T23:01:14.837+07:00FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name)<p><span style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://networkencyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/fqdn-fully-qualified-domain-name.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="800" height="176" src="https://networkencyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/fqdn-fully-qualified-domain-name.png" width="400" /></a></b></span></div><span style="color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p><strong style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Fully Qualified Domain Name</strong><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 15px;">. Definisinya adalah nama lengkap yang valid untuk suatu host yang menentukan lokasi pastinya dalam suatu hirarki DNS. Bingung? Santai, memang teori agak sulit dipahami kalau belum ada contohnya.</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem;">Akan saya paparkan dibawah dengan misal sebuah mail server:</p><ul style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding-left: 2rem;"><li style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Nama Host: <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">mail</code></li><li style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">Nama Domain: <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">servernesia.com</code></li><li style="border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;">FQDN: <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">mail.servernesia.com</code></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem;">Sederhana kan? Mau anda anggap subdomain juga bisa. Tapi intinya FQDN itu mengarahkan ke resource spesifik yang terhubung ke internet.</p><p style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem;">Jadi mau dibuat <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">vps.nama_domain.com</code> juga bisa atau <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">server.nama_domain.com</code> atau <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">moodle.nama_domain.ac.id</code>, dan bahkan <code style="background-color: #f9f2f4; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #c7254e; display: inline-block; font-family: Inconsolata, Consolas, Monaco, "Lucida Console", monospace; font-size: 13.5px; margin-top: -3px; max-width: 95%; padding: 2px 4px; vertical-align: middle;">kotakajaib.nama_domain.com</code> tidak dilarang juga. Yang paling penting valid, dan mungkin biar tidak bingung fungsinya bisa dipakai nama yang sedikit deskriptif.</p><h2 style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;">Mengapa saya harus menggunakan FQDN dan bukan alamat IP server?</h2><p class="p1" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Dalam pekerjaan saya dengan server saya menemukan file konfigurasi di mana Anda harus memasukkan alamat ke server eksternal. Saya telah melihat beberapa menggunakan alamat IP server secara langsung, tetapi saya telah mendengar banyak rekomendasi untuk menggunakan nama <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007bff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">domain yang sepenuhnya memenuhi syarat</a> hostname (FQDN). Mengapa saya harus menggunakan nama host alih-alih alamat IP langsung?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Karena jika Anda menggunakan nama host maka Anda akan memerlukan server DNS lokal yang akan menautkan setiap nama host ke alamat IP. Apa kerugiannya antara menggunakan nama host atau alamat IP?</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;"></p><div class="row" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"></div><p></p><div class="stack-block" data-trans-dest="answer-788865" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Menggunakan alamat IP memastikan bahwa Anda tidak mengandalkan server DNS. Ini juga memiliki manfaat mencegah serangan melalui spoofing DNS.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Menggunakan FQDN alih-alih alamat IP berarti bahwa, jika Anda memigrasi layanan Anda ke server dengan alamat IP yang berbeda, Anda akan dapat dengan mudah mengubah catatan dalam DNS daripada mencoba dan menemukan di mana-mana bahwa alamat IP digunakan. .</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px;">Ini sangat berguna ketika Anda memiliki banyak server dan layanan yang dikonfigurasi oleh banyak individu.</p></div><div><br /></div><p style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem;">Sumber : https://servernesia.com/2811/apa-itu-fqdn/ , https://qastack.id/server/788862/why-should-i-use-an-fqdn-instead-of-the-servers-ip-address</p><p style="background-color: white; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem;"><br /></p>ilham.sphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14986807457218149273noreply@blogger.com0